{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T02:56:29Z","timestamp":1791255389974,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program of the Shanghai Academic Research Leader","award":["21XD1401200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XD1401200"]}]},{"name":"Program of the Shanghai Academic Research Leader","award":["31972188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972188"]}]},{"name":"Program of the Shanghai Academic Research Leader","award":["32001800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001800"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["21XD1401200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21XD1401200"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31972188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31972188"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32001800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001800"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inappropriate use of antibiotics eventually leads to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and invalidates the treatment of infectious diseases. Aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGAs) are a class of broad-spectrum cationic antibiotics widely used for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections. Understanding the AGA resistance mechanism of bacteria would increase the efficacy of treating these infections. This study demonstrates a significant correlation between AGA resistance and the adaptation of biofilms by Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP). These adaptations were the result of challenges against the aminoglycosides (amikacin and gentamicin). Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) analysis revealed an enclosure type mechanism where the biological volume (BV) and average thickness (AT) of V. parahaemolyticus biofilm were significantly positively correlated with amikacin resistance (BIC) (p &lt; 0.01). A neutralization type mechanism was mediated by anionic extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The biofilm minimum inhibitory concentrations of amikacin and gentamicin were reduced from 32 \u00b5g\/mL to 16 \u00b5g\/mL and from 16 \u00b5g\/mL to 4 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively, after anionic EPS treatment with DNase I and proteinase K. Here, anionic EPSs bind cationic AGAs to develop antibiotic resistance. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed a regulatory type mechanism, where antibiotic resistance associated genes were significantly upregulated in biofilm producing V. parahaemolyticus when compared with planktonic cells. The three mechanistic strategies of developing resistance demonstrate that selective and judicious use of new antibiotics are needed to win the battle against infectious disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T03:50:21Z","timestamp":1679629821000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Discovery of Novel Resistance Mechanisms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Biofilm against Aminoglycoside Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cuifang","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation (Shanghai), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing & Preservation, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0781-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, 999# Hu Cheng Huan Road, Shanghai 201306, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). 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