{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:45:22Z","timestamp":1789569922831,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial prophylaxis is effective in reducing the rate of surgical site infections (SSIs) post-operatively. However, there are concerns with the extent of prophylaxis post-operatively, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This increases antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which is a key issue in Pakistan. Consequently, we conducted an observational cross-sectional study on 583 patients undergoing surgery at a leading teaching hospital in Pakistan with respect to the choice, time and duration of antimicrobials to prevent SSIs. The identified variables included post-operative prophylactic antimicrobials given to all patients for all surgical procedures. In addition, cephalosporins were frequently used for all surgical procedures, and among these, the use of third-generation cephalosporins was common. The duration of post-operative prophylaxis was 3\u20134 days, appreciably longer than the suggestions of the guidelines, with most patients prescribed antimicrobials until discharge. The inappropriate choice of antimicrobials combined with prolonged post-operative antibiotic administration need to be addressed. This includes appropriate interventions, such as antimicrobial stewardship programs, which have been successful in other LMICs to improve antibiotic utilization associated with SSIs and to reduce AMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T03:17:35Z","timestamp":1680146255000},"page":"678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibiotic Utilization Patterns for Different Wound Types among Surgical Patients: Findings and Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zikria","family":"Saleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahuddin Zakaria University, Multan 60800, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Ahsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah 24241, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2455-5054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul","family":"Haseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ummara","family":"Altaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narjis","family":"Batool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Health Systems and Safety Research, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javeria","family":"Jaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujahid","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi 75190, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afreenish","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inaam Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umar","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2636-238X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Qamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waleed Mohammad","family":"Altowayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Raees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Azmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5991-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Tarique","family":"Imam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-2735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phumzile P.","family":"Skosana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Molotlegi Street, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6539-6972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Godman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0208, South Africa"},{"name":"Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Strathclyde University, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK"},{"name":"Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman 346, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2018.04.019","article-title":"Multi-centre point-prevalence survey of hospital-acquired infections in Ghana","volume":"101","author":"Labi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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