{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T20:09:13Z","timestamp":1792440553909,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beta-lactams (BL) are the first line agents for the antibiotic management of critically ill patients with sepsis or septic shock. BL are hydrophilic antibiotics particularly subject to unpredictable concentrations in the context of critical illness because of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) alterations. Thus, during the last decade, the literature focusing on the interest of BL therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting has been exponential. Moreover, recent guidelines strongly encourage to optimize BL therapy using a PK\/PD approach with TDM. Unfortunately, several barriers exist regarding TDM access and interpretation. Consequently, adherence to routine TDM in ICU remains quite low. Lastly, recent clinical studies failed to demonstrate any improvement in mortality with the use of TDM in ICU patients. This review will first aim at explaining the value and complexity of the TDM process when translating it to critically ill patient bedside management, interpretating the results of clinical studies and discussion of the points which need to be addressed before conducting further TDM studies on clinical outcomes. In a second time, this review will focus on the future aspects of TDM integrating toxicodynamics, model informed precision dosing (MIPD) and \u201cat risk\u201d ICU populations that deserve further investigations to demonstrate positive clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T02:30:20Z","timestamp":1680229820000},"page":"681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["The Current Status and Future Perspectives of Beta-Lactam Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4099-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Novy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Institut Lorrain du Coeur Et Des Vaisseaux, University Hospital of Nancy, Rue du Morvan, 54511 Vandoeuvre-les Nancy, France"},{"name":"SIMPA, UR 7300, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Ma\u00efeutique et M\u00e9tiers de la Sant\u00e9, Campus Brabois Sant\u00e9, University of Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Martini\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, Nimes-Caremeau University Hospital, Place du Professeur Robert Debr\u00e9, CEDEX 09, 30029 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6055-0034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Roger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pain and Emergency Medicine, Nimes-Caremeau University Hospital, Place du Professeur Robert Debr\u00e9, CEDEX 09, 30029 Nimes, France"},{"name":"UR UM 103 IMAGINE, Faculty of Medicine, Montpellier University, 30029 Nimes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2717","article-title":"Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection Among Patients in Intensive Care Units in 2017","volume":"323","author":"Vincent","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). 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