{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:56Z","timestamp":1787027516524,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["20210012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210012"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi Province","award":["YDZJSX2021A034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJSX2021A034"]}]},{"name":"Fund Program for the Scientific Activities of Selected Returned Overseas Professionals in Shanxi 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the Local Science and Technology Development in Shanxi Province","award":["RPJJ2020021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPJJ2020021"]}]},{"name":"Central Funds Guiding the Local Science and Technology Development in Shanxi Province","award":["2021BQ06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BQ06"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific Research for Excellent Doctors, Shanxi Province, China","award":["20210012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210012"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific Research for Excellent Doctors, Shanxi Province, China","award":["YDZJSX2021A034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJSX2021A034"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific Research for Excellent Doctors, Shanxi Province, China","award":["SXBYKY2021047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXBYKY2021047"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific Research for Excellent Doctors, Shanxi Province, China","award":["RPJJ2020021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPJJ2020021"]}]},{"name":"Project of Scientific Research for Excellent Doctors, Shanxi Province, China","award":["2021BQ06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BQ06"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund (Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pet) for Young College Teachers in Ruipeng Commonwealth Foundation","award":["20210012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210012"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund (Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pet) for Young College Teachers in Ruipeng Commonwealth Foundation","award":["YDZJSX2021A034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJSX2021A034"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund (Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pet) for Young College Teachers in Ruipeng Commonwealth Foundation","award":["SXBYKY2021047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXBYKY2021047"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund (Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pet) for Young College Teachers in Ruipeng Commonwealth Foundation","award":["RPJJ2020021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPJJ2020021"]}]},{"name":"Research Fund (Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Pet) for Young College Teachers in Ruipeng Commonwealth Foundation","award":["2021BQ06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BQ06"]}]},{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University","award":["20210012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210012"]}]},{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University","award":["YDZJSX2021A034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJSX2021A034"]}]},{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University","award":["SXBYKY2021047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SXBYKY2021047"]}]},{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University","award":["RPJJ2020021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RPJJ2020021"]}]},{"name":"Project of Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Shanxi Agricultural University","award":["2021BQ06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021BQ06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Macrolide antibiotics are important drugs to combat infections. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of these drugs are essential for the determination of their optimal dose regimens, which affect antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and treatment success. For most drugs, the measurement of their concentrations in plasma\/serum is the surrogate for drug concentrations in target tissues for therapy. However, for macrolides, simple reliance on total or free drug concentrations in serum\/plasma might be misleading. The macrolide antibiotic concentrations of serum\/plasma, interstitial fluid (ISF), and target tissue itself usually yield very different PK results. In fact, the PK of a macrolide antibiotic based on serum\/plasma concentrations alone is not an ideal predictor for the in vivo efficacy against respiratory pathogens. Instead, the PK based on drug concentrations at the site of infection or ISF provide much more clinically relevant information than serum\/plasma concentrations. This review aims to summarize and compare\/discuss the use of drug concentrations of serum\/plasma, airway ISF, and tissues for computing the PK of macrolides. A better understanding of the PK of macrolide antibiotics based on airway ISF concentrations will help optimize the antibacterial dose regimen as well as minimizing toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T02:30:15Z","timestamp":1680575415000},"page":"700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Should Airway Interstitial Fluid Be Used to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of Macrolide Antibiotics for Dose Regimen Determination in Respiratory Infection?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3349-2318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Jinzhong 030810, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100107, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3348-7084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara T.","family":"Elazab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8539-1087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Chun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter H.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-2042, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00136712","article-title":"Long-term macrolide treatment for chronic respiratory disease","volume":"42","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. 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