{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T00:02:17Z","timestamp":1793750537798,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Radboudumc RIHS Junior Researcher Round","award":["2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Linezolid is used off-label for treatment of central nervous system infections. However, its pharmacokinetics and target attainment in cranial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in tuberculous meningitis patients is unknown. This study aimed to predict linezolid cranial CSF concentrations and assess attainment of pharmacodynamic (PD) thresholds (AUC:MIC of &gt;119) in plasma and cranial CSF of adults and children with tuberculous meningitis. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed to predict linezolid cranial CSF profiles based on reported plasma concentrations. Simulated steady-state PK curves in plasma and cranial CSF after linezolid doses of 300 mg BID, 600 mg BID, and 1200 mg QD in adults resulted in geometric mean AUC:MIC ratios in plasma of 118, 281, and 262 and mean cranial CSF AUC:MIC ratios of 74, 181, and 166, respectively. In children using ~10 mg\/kg BID linezolid, AUC:MIC values at steady-state in plasma and cranial CSF were 202 and 135, respectively. Our model predicts that 1200 mg per day in adults, either 600 mg BID or 1200 mg QD, results in reasonable (87%) target attainment in cranial CSF. Target attainment in our simulated paediatric population was moderate (56% in cranial CSF). Our PBPK model can support linezolid dose optimization efforts by simulating target attainment close to the site of TBM disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T02:30:15Z","timestamp":1680575415000},"page":"702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling to Predict the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linezolid in Adults and Children with Tuberculous Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carlijn H. C.","family":"Litjens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurens F. M.","family":"Verscheijden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0093-6445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elin M.","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra H. H.","family":"van den Broek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hedwig","family":"van Hove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan B.","family":"Koenderink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7959-2314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frans G. M.","family":"Russel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob E.","family":"Aarnoutse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey H. M.","family":"te Brake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Pfizer Inc. (per FDA) (2023, March 29). Product Information: ZYVOX(R) Intravenous Injection, Oral Tablets Suspension, Linezolid Intravenous Injection, Oral Tablets Suspension; New York, NY, USA, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2014\/021130s032,021131s026,021132s031lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, March 29). WHO Consolidated Guidelines on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment. 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