{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T04:00:57Z","timestamp":1785902457836,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland","award":["12\/RC\/2275_2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2275_2"]}]},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland","award":["HRB-ILP-POR-2019-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRB-ILP-POR-2019-004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/RC\/2275_2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2275_2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010414","name":"Health Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRB-ILP-POR-2019-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRB-ILP-POR-2019-004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010414","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The discovery void of antimicrobial development has occurred at a time when the world has seen a rapid emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance, the \u2018perfect storm\u2019 as it has often been described. While the discovery and development of new antibiotics has continued in the research sphere, the pipeline to clinic has largely been fed by derivatives of existing classes of antibiotics, each prone to pre-existing resistance mechanisms. A novel approach to infection management has come from the ecological perspective whereby microbial networks and evolved communities already possess small molecular capabilities for pathogen control. The spatiotemporal nature of microbial interactions is such that mutualism and parasitism are often two ends of the same stick. Small molecule efflux inhibitors can directly target antibiotic efflux, a primary resistance mechanism adopted by many species of bacteria and fungi. However, a much broader anti-infective capability resides within the action of these inhibitors, borne from the role of efflux in key physiological and virulence processes, including biofilm formation, toxin efflux, and stress management. Understanding how these behaviors manifest within complex polymicrobial communities is key to unlocking the full potential of the advanced repertoires of efflux inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:49:29Z","timestamp":1681098569000},"page":"731","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Efflux, Signaling and Warfare in a Polymicrobial World"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ay\u2019sha","family":"Moore-Machacek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antje","family":"Gloe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University of Bonn, D-53113 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niall","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Jerry","family":"Reen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microbiology, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Synthesis and Solid-State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5417","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c01226","article-title":"Physiological Functions of Bacterial \u201cMultidrug\u201d Efflux Pumps","volume":"121","author":"Henderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00367-20","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00367-20","article-title":"The Evolutionary Conservation of Escherichia coli Drug Efflux Pumps Supports Physiological Functions","volume":"202","author":"Teelucksingh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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