{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:04:19Z","timestamp":1793714659755,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria di Perugia-Ricerca di Base dipartimentale","award":["BASE22_CASAGRANDEPROIETTI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BASE22_CASAGRANDEPROIETTI"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are nanoparticles released by Gram-negative bacteria, which contain different cargo molecules and mediate several biological processes. Recent studies have shown that OMVs are involved in antibiotic-resistance (AR) mechanisms by including \u03b2-lactamase enzymes in their lumen. Since no studies have as yet been conducted on Salmonella enterica subs. enterica serovar Infantis\u2019 OMVs, the aim of the work was to collect OMVs from five S. Infantis \u03b2-lactam resistant strains isolated from a broiler meat production chain and to investigate whether \u03b2-lactamase enzymes are included in OMVs during their biogenesis. OMVs were isolated by means of ultrafiltration and a Nitrocefin assay quantified the presence of \u03b2-lactamase enzymes in the OMVs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to identify the OMVs. The results showed that all strains release spherical OMVs, ranging from 60 to 230 nm. The Nitrocefin assay highlighted the presence of \u03b2-lactamase enzymes within the OMVs. This suggests that \u03b2-lactamase enzymes also get packaged into OMVs from bacterial periplasm during OMV biogenesis. An investigation into the possible role played by OMVs in AR mechanisms would open the door for an opportunity to develop new, therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:33:26Z","timestamp":1681360406000},"page":"744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Evaluation of \u03b2-Lactamase Enzyme Activity in Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) Isolated from Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL) Salmonella Infantis Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Toppi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Scattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1106-2130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Musa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Stefanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2562-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"Pascucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0958-9187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Chiaradia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Tognoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5043-7233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Giovagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pia","family":"Franciosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4428-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Branciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia Casagrande","family":"Proietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBroom, A.J., and Kuehn, M.J. (2005). Outer Membrane Vesicles. EcoSal Plus., 1.","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosal.2.2.4"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00104","article-title":"Identification of Genes Involved in Biogenesis of Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs) in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi","volume":"10","author":"Nevermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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