{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:10:00Z","timestamp":1793232600388,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We retrospectively analyzed the antimicrobial data of Enterobacter spp. strains isolated from hospitalized subjects and outpatients over 20 years (2000\u20132019). A total of 2277 non-duplicate Enterobacter spp. isolates, 1037 from outpatients (45%) and 1240 from hospitalized subjects (55%), were retrieved. Most of samples are infections of the urinary tract. Considering Enterobacter aerogenes, now classified as Klebsiella aerogenes, and Enterobacter cloacae, representing more than 90% of all isolates, except for aminoglycosides and fluroquinolones, which showed significant antibiotic decreasing trends (p &lt; 0.01), none of the other antimicrobial agents tested showed significant changes in both groups (p &gt; 0.05). Conversely, there was a significant increasing resistance trend for fosfomycin (p &lt; 0.01), among both community and hospital-related subjects, most probably owing to uncontrolled and improper usage. Surveillance studies on antibiotic resistance at the local and regional level are required to detect new resistance mechanisms, reduce inappropriate antimicrobial consumption, and increase the focus on antimicrobial stewardship.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T01:39:05Z","timestamp":1681868345000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella aerogenes Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimens: A Twenty-Year Surveillance Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0978-9573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jari","family":"Intra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo Dei Tintori, via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, MB, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4411-0407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Carcione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medicine and Microbiology, Busto Arsizio Hospital\u2014ASST Valle Olona, via Arnaldo da Brescia, 1, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta Maria","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale della Brianza, ASST-Brianza, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833 Desio, MB, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Siracusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale della Brianza, ASST-Brianza, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833 Desio, MB, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale della Brianza, ASST-Brianza, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833 Desio, MB, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8954-0366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio","family":"Leoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale della Brianza, ASST-Brianza, Desio Hospital, via Mazzini 1, 20833 Desio, MB, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2014.09.006","article-title":"Update on the antibiotic resistance crisis","volume":"18","author":"Rossolini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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