{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:28:04Z","timestamp":1785803284169,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]],"date-time":"2023-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has consistently been linked to antibiotic use. However, the roles of commonly prescribed non-antimicrobial drugs as drivers of AMR may be under-appreciated. Here, we studied a cohort of patients with community-acquired pyelonephritis and assessed the association of exposure to non-antimicrobial drugs at the time of hospital admission with infection with drug-resistant organisms (DRO). Associations identified on bivariate analyses were tested using a treatment effects estimator that models both outcome and treatment probability. Exposure to proton-pump inhibitors, beta-blockers, and antimetabolites was significantly associated with multiple resistance phenotypes. Clopidogrel, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and anti-Xa agents were associated with single-drug resistance phenotypes. Antibiotic exposure and indwelling urinary catheters were covariates associated with AMR. Exposure to non-antimicrobial drugs significantly increased the probability of AMR in patients with no other risk factors for resistance. Non-antimicrobial drugs may affect the risk of infection with DRO through multiple mechanisms. If corroborated using additional datasets, these findings offer novel directions for predicting and mitigating AMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12040789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T03:01:48Z","timestamp":1682046108000},"page":"789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exposure to Non-Antimicrobial Drugs and Risk of Infection with Antibiotic-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Meital","family":"Elbaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I-Medata AI Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli","family":"Raykhshtat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I-Medata AI Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahuva","family":"Weiss-Meilik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"I-Medata AI Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7773-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Regev","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera 3820302, Israel"},{"name":"Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 3200003, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0628-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronen","family":"Ben-Ami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). 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