{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:42:42Z","timestamp":1789569762283,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","award":["VET.JDW.20.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VET.JDW.20.03"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","award":["IB18047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB18047"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura (Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda e Infraestructuras)","award":["VET.JDW.20.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VET.JDW.20.03"]}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura (Consejer\u00eda de Econom\u00eda e Infraestructuras)","award":["IB18047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IB18047"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies have addressed drug resistance of Enterobacterales in rural communities in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the coexistence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains carrying the mcr-1 gene in rural communities in Ecuador from healthy humans and their backyard animals. Sixty-two strains, thirty E. coli and thirty-two K. pneumoniae strains carrying the mcr-1 gene were selected from a previous study. PCR were performed for the presence of ESBLs and carbapenemase genes. The strains were further characterized, and the genetic relationship was studied with multi-locus sequencing typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes. Fifty-nine of the sixty-two mcr-1 isolates (95%) harbored at least on \u03b2-lactam resistance gene. The most prevalent ESBL genes were the blaTEM genes (present in in 80% of the E. coli strains) and the blaSHV gene (present in 84% of the K. pneumoniae strains). MSLT analysis revealed 28 different sequence types (ST); 15 for E. coli and 12 for K. pneumoniae, with most ST never described in humans and animals. The coexistence of mcr-1 and \u03b2-lactams resistant genes in E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains is alarming and threatens the efficacy of last-resort antibiotics. Our findings highlight backyard animals as a reservoir of mcr-1\/\u03b2-lactams resistant genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]],"date-time":"2023-05-05T09:18:09Z","timestamp":1683278289000},"page":"856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Co-Harboring of Beta-Lactamases and mcr-1 Genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Healthy Carriers and Backyard Animals in Rural Communities in Ecuador"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5364-7700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Bastidas-Caldes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Cisneros-V\u00e1squez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Zambrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mosquera-Maza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministerio de Salud P\u00fablica del Ecuador, Pastaza 170505, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3819-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Calero-C\u00e1ceres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTA RAM One Health, Department of Food and Biotechnology Science and Engineering, Universidad T\u00e9cnica de Ambato, Ambato 180103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6425-4673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Rey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Patolog\u00eda Infecciosa y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayumi","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Administration Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Calvopi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4118-1015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacobus H.","family":"de Waard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Am\u00e9ricas, Quito 170124, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO, and Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance (AGISAR) (2019). 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