{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:52:18Z","timestamp":1767192738312,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]],"date-time":"2023-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Control of the important pathogen, Gallibacterium anatis, which causes salpingitis and peritonitis in poultry, relies on treatment using antimicrobial compounds. Among these, quinolones and fluoroquinolones have been used extensively, leading to a rise in the prevalence of resistant strains. The molecular mechanisms leading to quinolone resistance, however, have not previously been described for G. anatis, which is the aim of this study. The present study combines phenotypic antimicrobial resistance data with genomic sequence data from a collection of G. anatis strains isolated from avian hosts between 1979 and 2020. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for nalidixic acid, as well as for enrofloxacin for each included strain. In silico analyses included genome-wide queries for genes known to convey resistance towards quinolones, identification of variable positions in the primary structure of quinolone protein targets and structural prediction models. No resistance genes known to confer resistance to quinolones were identified. Yet, a total of nine positions in the quinolone target protein subunits (GyrA, GyrB, ParC and ParE) displayed substantial variation and were further analyzed. By combining variation patterns with observed resistance patterns, positions 83 and 87 in GyrA, as well as position 88 in ParC, appeared to be linked to increased resistance towards both quinolones included. As no notable differences in tertiary structure were observed between subunits of resistant and sensitive strains, the mechanism behind the observed resistance is likely due to subtle shifts in amino acid side chain properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T02:56:57Z","timestamp":1684119417000},"page":"903","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quinolone Resistance in Gallibacterium anatis Determined by Mutations in Quinolone Resistance-Determining Region"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0616-4095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasper","family":"R\u00f8mer Villumsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toloe","family":"Allahghadry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Karwa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epizootiology with Exotic Animal and Bird Clinic, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9133-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Frey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4030-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders Miki","family":"Bojesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02330-0","article-title":"Genetic relationships among avian isolates classified as Pasteurella haemolytica, \u2018Actinobacillus salpingitidis\u2019 or Pasteurella anatis with proposal of Gallibacterium anatis gen. nov., comb. nov and description of additional genomospecles within Gallibacterium gen. nov","volume":"53","author":"Christensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. 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