{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T03:42:40Z","timestamp":1770522160634,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose\/Introduction: A decline in antibiotic (AB) prescriptions was reported during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, we investigated AB utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic using data from a large database in Germany. Methods: AB prescriptions in the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) were analyzed for each year between 2011 and 2021. Descriptive statistics were used to assess developments in relation to age group, sex, and antibacterial substances. Infection incidence rates were also investigated. Results: In total, 1,165,642 patients received antibiotic prescriptions during the entire study period (mean age: 51.8; SD: 18.4 years; 55.3% females). AB prescriptions started to decline in 2015 (505 patients per practice), and this development persisted until 2021 (2020: 300 patients per practice and 2021: 266 patients per practice). The sharpest drop was observed in 2020 and occurred in both women and men (27.4% and 30.1%). In the youngest age group (\u226430), the decrease was \u221256%, while in the age group &gt;70, it was \u221238%. The number of patients with prescriptions for fluoroquinolones dropped the most, falling from 117 in 2015 to 35 in 2021 (\u221270%), followed by macrolides (\u221256%) and tetracyclines (\u221256%). In 2021, 46% fewer patients were diagnosed with acute lower respiratory infections, 19% fewer with chronic lower respiratory diseases, and just 10% fewer with diseases of the urinary system. Conclusion: AB prescriptions decreased more in the first year (2020) of the COVID-19 pandemic than infectious diseases did. While the factor of older age influenced this trend negatively, it remained unaffected by the factor of sex and the selected antibacterial substance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T08:09:44Z","timestamp":1684397384000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The COVID-19 Pandemic Enhanced the Decade-Long Trend of the Decreasing Utilization of Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Tanislav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Diakonie Hospital Jung Stilling Siegen, Wichernstrasse 40, 57074 Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Rosenbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Neurology, Diakonie Hospital Jung Stilling Siegen, Wichernstrasse 40, 57074 Siegen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2124-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karel","family":"Kostev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology, IQVIA, 60549 Frankfurt am Main, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-2994-2-31","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: A global view from the 2013 World Healthcare-Associated Infections Forum","volume":"2","author":"Huttner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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