{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:39:32Z","timestamp":1793054372359,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]],"date-time":"2023-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increasing incidence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia (E.) coli in backyard chicken farming in Pakistan is of serious concern. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factors associated with ESBL avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) isolated from backyard chickens in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan. In total, 320 cloacal swabs were collected from four breeds of backyard chicken (Aseel, Golden, Misri and Necked Neck). ESBL E. coli were phenotypically identified using double disc synergy test (DDST) and corresponding genes were confirmed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). Out of the 320 samples, 164 (51.3%) were confirmed as E. coli, while 74 (45.1%) were characterized as ESBL E. coli. The frequency of isolation of ESBL E. coli was highest in Aseel chickens (35.1%). Of the 164 confirmed E. coli, 95.1%, 78.6%, 76.8%, 71.3%, 70.1%, 68.9%, 60.4% and 57.3% were resistant against tylosin, doxycycline, cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, colistin, trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and gentamicin, respectively. The ESBL gene types detected and their corresponding proportions were blaCTX-M (54.1 %, 40\/74), blaTEM, (12.2%, 9\/74) and co-existence (blaCTX-M and blaTEM) were shown in 33.8% (25\/74). The blaCTX-M gene sequence showed homology to blaCTX-M-15 from clinical isolates. The mean multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was found to be higher among ESBL E. coli (0.25) when compared to non-ESBL E. coli (0.17). Both free-range husbandry management system (p = 0.02, OR: 30.00, 95% CI = 1.47\u2013611.79) and high antimicrobial usage in the last 6 months (p = 0.01, OR: 25.17, 95% CI = 1.81\u2013348.71) were found significantly associated with isolation of ESBL-producing E. coli in the tested samples using binary logistic regression analysis. This study confirmed the potential of backyard chickens as a reservoir for ESBL E. coli in the Jhang district, Punjab, Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,22]],"date-time":"2023-05-22T03:57:32Z","timestamp":1684727852000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cross-Sectional Study for Detection and Risk Factor Analysis of ESBL-Producing Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Associated with Backyard Chickens in Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4386-5392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Adnan","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4716-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed","family":"Ehtisham-ul-Haque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5616-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aman Ullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4665-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziz ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Sajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan Ahmad","family":"Atif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, CVAS Campus, 12-Km Chiniot Road, Jhang 35200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8585-4237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hosny","family":"El-Adawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-023-00601-6","article-title":"Persistence of resistance: A panel data analysis of the effect of antibiotic usage on the prevalence of resistance","volume":"76","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-019-0290-0","article-title":"Virulence factors, prevalence and potential transmission of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from different sources: Recent reports","volume":"11","author":"Sarowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.10.047","article-title":"Molecular characterization of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli from broiler chickens with colibacillosis","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2012.740554","article-title":"Genetic characterisation of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in Escherichia coli isolated from retail chicken products including CTX-M-9 containing isolates: A food safety risk factor","volume":"53","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dlab092","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlab092","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: An update on their characteristics, epidemiology and detection","volume":"3","author":"Castanheira","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.04.002","article-title":"beta-Lactamases and beta-Lactamase Inhibitors in the 21st Century","volume":"431","author":"Tooke","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01881","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: A developing country-perspective","volume":"7","author":"Founou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2014.907866","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from poultry: A review of current problems, illustrated with some laboratory findings","volume":"43","author":"Olsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2007-00249","article-title":"History of the use of antibiotic as growth promoters in European poultry feeds","volume":"86","author":"Castanon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umair, M., Tahir, M.F., Ullah, R.W., Ali, J., Siddique, N., Rasheed, A., Akram, M., Zaheer, M.U., and Mohsin, M. (2021). Quantification and trends of antimicrobial use in commercial broiler chicken production in Pakistan. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10050598"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1901-1","article-title":"Identification of Escherichia coli from broiler chickens in Jordan, their antimicrobial resistance, gene characterization and the associated risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"CDC (2023, May 03). Keeping Backyard Chickens and Other Poultry, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthypets\/pets\/farm-animals\/backyard-poultry.html."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12247","article-title":"Zoonotic Public Health Hazards in Backyard Chickens","volume":"63","author":"Pohjola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12756","article-title":"The occurrence of Salmonella, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli and carbapenem resistant non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria in a backyard poultry flock environment","volume":"67","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3126\/aej.v11i0.3659","article-title":"Poultry production, management and bio-security measures","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Agri. Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Economic Adviser\u2019s Wing (2022). Pakistan Economic Survey 2021\u201322 Chapter 2, Minister for Finance and Revenue."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaqat, Z., Khan, I., Azam, S., Anwar, Y., Althubaiti, E.H., and Maroof, L. (2022). Isolation and molecular characterization of extended spectrum beta lactamase producing Escherichia coli from chicken meat in Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269194"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6398838","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6398838","article-title":"Prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli from poultry in south asian developing countries","volume":"2021","author":"Dawadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00550","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of multi-drug-resistant gram-negative bacilli isolated from lebanese poultry: A nationwide study","volume":"9","author":"Dandachi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2019.26-30","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in chickens from small-scale (backyard) poultry farms in Maiduguri, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Kwoji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. One Health"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1154-y","article-title":"Frequent use of colistin-based drug treatment to eliminate extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in backyard chicken farms in Thai Binh Province, Vietnam","volume":"49","author":"Nakayama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s42522-020-00014-7","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among humans, chickens and poultry environments in Abuja, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Aworh","year":"2020","journal-title":"One Health Outlook."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2018.091","article-title":"Incidence of ESBL-producing-Escherichia coli in poultry farm environment and retail poultry meat","volume":"39","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. Vet J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfy045","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from liver of commercial broilers and backyard chickens","volume":"27","author":"Kamboh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umair, M., Orubu, S., Zaman, M.H., Wirtz, V.J., and Mohsin, M. (2022). Veterinary consumption of highest priority critically important antimicrobials and various growth promoters based on import data in Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273821"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02659-6","article-title":"Pakistan\u2019s backyard poultry farming initiative: Impact analysis from a public health perspective","volume":"53","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00282","article-title":"Antibiotics in Canadian poultry productions and anticipated alternatives","volume":"5","author":"Diarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics4040567","article-title":"Co-selection of resistance to antibiotics, biocides and heavy metals, and Its relevance to foodborne pathogens","volume":"4","author":"Wales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Pym, R. (2010). Poultry Housing and Management in Developing Countries, Management and Housing of Semi-Scavenging Flocks, FAO."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.657-686.2005","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: A clinical update","volume":"18","author":"Paterson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx146","article-title":"Global epidemiology of CTX-M \u03b2-lactamases: Temporal and geographical shifts in genotype","volume":"72","author":"Bevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, S., Silva, V., Dapkevicius, M.L.E., Canica, M., Tejedor-Junco, M.T., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2020). Escherichia coli as commensal and pathogenic bacteria among food-producing animals: Health implications of Extended Spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122239"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky492","article-title":"Emergence and rapid global dissemination of CTX-M-15-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae strain ST307","volume":"74","author":"Wyres","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2014.07.015","article-title":"Subgrouping of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli from animal and human sources: An approach to quantify the distribution of ESBL types between different reservoirs","volume":"304","author":"Valentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13581","article-title":"Comparative occurrence of ESBL\/AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Salmonella in contract farm and backyard broilers","volume":"74","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697541","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1697541","article-title":"Excessive use of medically important antimicrobials in food animals in Pakistan: A five-year surveillance survey","volume":"12","author":"Mohsin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masoud, S.M., Abd El-Baky, R.M., Aly, S.A., and Ibrahem, R.A. (2021). Co-existence of certain ESBLs, MBLs and plasmid mediated quinolone resistance genes among MDR E. coli isolated from different clinical specimens in Egypt. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070835"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2013.01.014","article-title":"Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli in hospital and municipal sewage and their emission to the environment","volume":"91","author":"Korzeniewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"35","article-title":"Productive performance of Desi field chickens as affected under deep litter system","volume":"1","author":"Sahota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pak. J. Vet Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv053","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for carriage of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli on household and small-scale chicken farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam","volume":"70","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkv441","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Amsterdam","volume":"71","author":"Reuland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Daniel, W.W. (1999). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.aavs\/2016\/4.4.209.214","article-title":"Prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae in commercial broilers and backyard chickens","volume":"4","author":"Shoaib","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0450","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic relatedness of extended spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli among humans, cattle, and poultry in Pakistan","volume":"25","author":"Umair","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-020-00567-9","article-title":"Investigating the relationship between extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in the environment and food chains with the presence of this infection in people suspected of septicemia: Using the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis","volume":"18","author":"Eshrati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"CLSI (2020). CLSI Supplement M100s, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. [30th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000229","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance index, fitness and virulence potential in respiratory Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Jamaica","volume":"65","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"MNHS (2017). Antimicrobial Resistance National Action Plan Pakistan, Ministry of National Health Services Regulations & Coordination Government of Pakistan."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2007.00722.x","article-title":"Multiplex PCR amplification assay for the detection of blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"115","author":"Monstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.7.3288","article-title":"Separation of phylogenetic and functional associations in biological sequences by using the parametric bootstrap","volume":"97","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/5\/934\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:39:08Z","timestamp":1760125148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/5\/934"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12050934"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12050934","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,20]]}}}