{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T08:43:55Z","timestamp":1780389835123,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685059200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["814168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["814168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over 90% of preterm neonates are, often empirically, exposed to antibiotics as a potentially life-saving measure against sepsis. Long-term outcome in association with antibiotic exposure (NABE) has insufficiently been studied after preterm birth. We investigated the association of NABE-duration with early-childhood developmental and health outcomes in preterm-born children and additionally assessed the impact of GA on outcomes. Preterm children (GA &lt; 30 weeks) participating in a multicenter cohort study were approached for follow-up. General expert-reviewed health questionnaires on respiratory, atopic and gastrointestinal symptoms were sent to parents of children &gt; 24 months\u2019 corrected age (CA). Growth and developmental assessments (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID) III) were part of standard care assessment at 24 months\u2019 CA. Uni- and multivariate regressions were performed with NABE (per 5 days) and GA (per week) as independent variables. Odds ratios (OR) for health outcomes were adjusted (aOR) for confounders, where appropriate. Of 1079 infants whose parents were approached, 347 (32%) responded at a mean age of 4.6 years (SD 0.9). In children with NABE (97%), NABE duration decreased by 1.6 days (p &lt; 0.001) per week of gestation. Below-average gross-motor development (BSID-III gross-motor score &lt; 8) was associated with duration of NABE (aOR = 1.28; p = 0.04). The aOR for constipation was 0.81 (p = 0.04) per gestational week. Growth was inversely correlated with GA. Respiratory and atopic symptoms were not associated with NABE, nor GA. We observed that prolonged NABE after preterm birth was associated with below-average gross-motor development at 24 months\u2019 CA, while a low GA was associated with lower weight and stature Z-scores and higher odds for constipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12060967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1685204377000},"page":"967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Duration of Neonatal Antibiotic Exposure in Preterm Infants in Association with Health and Developmental Outcomes in Early Childhood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nancy","family":"Deianova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, M\u00e1xima Medical Center, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8357-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanne K.","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafsa","family":"Aoulad Ahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3834-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cilla","family":"Verbeek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelieke S. H.","family":"Aarnoudse-Moens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleid G.","family":"Leemhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8086-9552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam M.","family":"van Weissenbruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton H.","family":"van Kaam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2682-7386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel C.","family":"Vijbrief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children\u2019s Hospital, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris V.","family":"Hulzebos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Beatrix Children\u2019s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Giezen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Isala Hospital, Amalia Children\u2019s Center, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6900-1974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veerle","family":"Cossey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3194-7005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Willem P.","family":"de Boode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Amalia Children\u2019s Hospital, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3241-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wouter J.","family":"de Jonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc A.","family":"Benninga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0844-7208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrik J.","family":"Niemarkt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, M\u00e1xima Medical Center, 5504 DB Veldhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim G. J.","family":"de Meij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Emma Children\u2019s Hospital, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.06.032","article-title":"Early Use of Antibiotics Is Associated with a Lower Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Preterm, Very Low Birth Weight Infants: The NEOMUNE-NeoNutriNet Cohort Study","volume":"227","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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