{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:20:07Z","timestamp":1792110007912,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["PI17\/01886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01886"]}]},{"name":"European Union","award":["PI17\/01886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI17\/01886"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this multicentre project (seven hospitals across the Spanish National Health Service) was to study the phenotypic and genotypic susceptibility of C. trachomatis to the main antimicrobials used (macrolides, doxycycline, and quinolones) in isolates from patients with clinical treatment failure in whom reinfection had been ruled out. During 2018\u20132019, 73 clinical isolates were selected. Sixty-nine clinical specimens were inoculated onto confluent McCoy cell monolayers for phenotypic susceptibility testing. The minimum inhibitory concentration for azithromycin and doxycycline was defined as the lowest concentration associated with an at least 95% reduction in inclusion-forming units after one passage in the presence of the antibiotic compared to the initial inoculum for each strain (control). Sequencing analysis was performed for the genotypic detection of resistance to macrolides, analysing mutations in the 23S rRNA gene (at positions 2057, 2058, 2059, and 2611), and quinolones, analysing a fragment of the gyrA gene, and searching for the G248T mutation (Ser83-&gt;Ile). For tetracyclines, in-house RT-PCR was used to test for the tet(C) gene. The phenotypic susceptibility testing was successful for 10 isolates. All the isolates had minimum inhibitory concentrations for azithromycin \u2264 0.125 mg\/L and for doxycycline \u2264 0.064 mg\/L and were considered sensitive. Of the 73 strains studied, no mutations were found at positions T2611C or G248T of the gyrA gene. We successfully sequenced 66 isolates. No macrolide resistance-associated mutations were found at positions 2057, 2058, 2059, or T2611C. None of the isolates carried the tet(C) gene. We found no evidence for genomic resistance in this large, clinically relevant dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12060975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]],"date-time":"2023-05-28T15:30:47Z","timestamp":1685287847000},"page":"975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Phenotypic and Genotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Chlamydia trachomatis Isolates from Patients with Persistent or Clinical Treatment Failure in Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4228-7041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Villa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Central University Hospital of Asturias and Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Boga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Central University Hospital of Asturias and Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5026-0164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Cabue\u00f1es University Hospital, and Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33394 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5899-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Vazquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Central University Hospital of Asturias and Health Research Institute of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain"},{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Functional Biology, Microbiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33003 Oviedo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Milagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Salmer\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00ed","family":"Vall-Mayans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Vall\u2019Hebron-Drassanes STI Unit, Infectious Diseases, Vall d\u2019Hebr\u00f3n University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Maci\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Unit, Valme University Hospital, 41014 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4196-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Study Group of the Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Spanish Society (GEITS-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Microbiology Department, Donostia University Hospital-Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(00)00069-3","article-title":"Chlamydia trachomatis infection: Incidence, health costs and prospects for vaccine development","volume":"48","author":"Beagley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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