{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:44:59Z","timestamp":1793043899121,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["2019YFH0113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFH0113"]}]},{"name":"International Research and Development Program of Sichuan","award":["ING-000398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ING-000398"]}]},{"name":"SMART innovation","award":["2019YFH0113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFH0113"]}]},{"name":"SMART innovation","award":["ING-000398"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ING-000398"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indole, a metabolite of the amino acid tryptophan, has been proven to act as a signal molecule in bacteria, acting in different aspects of biofilm formation. The oral biofilm is a type of biofilm that has consequences for human health. It is a complex, three-dimensional structure that develops on the surface of teeth via the attachment of primary microbial colonizers. Many oral infections are caused by an imbalance occurring in the microorganisms naturally found in oral biofilms and are considered major public health concerns. In this study, we test the effect of a natural bis-indole, 3,3\u2032-Diindolylmethane (DIM), in mitigating the pathogenicity of the oral biofilm inhabiting bacterium Streptococcus\u00a0mutans, a bacterium that is considered to be a principal etiological agent in dental caries. Our study found that DIM was able to attenuate S.\u00a0mutans biofilm formation by 92%. Additionally, treatment with DIM lowered extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) production and decreased its durability significantly under acidic conditions. Therefore, the anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of DIM against S. mutans bacteria in an \u201coral setting\u201d provides evidence for its usefulness in reducing biofilm formation and potentially for caries attenuation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T02:08:15Z","timestamp":1686017295000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["3,3\u2032-Diindolylmethane (DIM): A Potential Therapeutic Agent against Cariogenic Streptococcus mutans Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yifat","family":"Baruch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karina","family":"Golberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1266-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Yew-Hoong Gin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9697-3805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"},{"name":"The Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1970-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariel","family":"Kushmaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"},{"name":"The Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel"},{"name":"School of Sustainability and Climate Change, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2020.10.007","article-title":"Acquired salivary pellicle and oral diseases: A literature review","volume":"16","author":"Chawhuaveang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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