{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:11Z","timestamp":1787027471347,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]],"date-time":"2023-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major global impact on the treatment of hospitalized surgical patients. Our study retrospectively evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic at a neurosurgical reference center in Mexico City. We compared the number of neurosurgeries, the rate and type of postoperative infections, the causative microorganisms and in-hospital mortality rates in a 4-year period, from the pre-pandemic year 2019 until 2022. A total of 4150 neurosurgical procedures were registered. In 2020 the total number of surgeries was reduced by 36% compared to 2019 OR = 0.689 (95% CI 0.566\u20130.834) p \u2264 0.001, transnasal\/trans sphenoidal pituitary resections decreased by 53%, and spinal surgeries by 52%. The rate of neurosurgical infections increased from 3.5% in 2019 to 5.6% in 2020 (p = 0.002). Regarding the microorganisms that caused infections, gram positive cocci accounted for 43.5% of isolates, Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. caused one third of the infections. No significant differences were found for in-hospital mortality nor patterns of resistance to antibiotics. The number of surgeries increased in the last two years, although the infection rate has returned to pre-pandemic levels. We observed a lower impact from subsequent waves of COVID-19 and despite an increase in the number of surgeries, the surgeries have not amounted to the full pre-pandemic levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T01:31:31Z","timestamp":1686879091000},"page":"1055","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Postoperative Neurosurgical Infections at a Reference Center in M\u00e9xico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4712-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Soto Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2478-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Esteban Ram\u00edrez","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guadalupe Reyes","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Committee, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Hern\u00e1ndez","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Committee, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia Rangel","family":"Torreblanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Control Committee, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica \u00c1ngeles","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen Flores","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Ramos","family":"Peek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Division, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio Moreno","family":"Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Division, Instituto Nacional de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurocirug\u00eda Manuel Velasco Su\u00e1rez, Tlalpan, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 14269, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.167","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience","volume":"139","author":"Khalafallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.08.033","article-title":"In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding \u201cImpact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience\u201d","volume":"143","author":"Khalafallah","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.07.216","article-title":"Letter to the Editor Regarding: \u2018Impact of COVID-19 on an Academic Neurosurgery Department: The Johns Hopkins Experience\u2019","volume":"143","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sander, C., von Dercks, N., Fehrenbach, M.K., Wende, T., Stehr, S., Winkler, D., Meixensberger, J., and Arlt, F. 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