{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:47:56Z","timestamp":1790794076087,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002332","name":"Semmelweis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002332","name":"Semmelweis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002332","name":"Semmelweis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002332","name":"Semmelweis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002332","name":"Semmelweis University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002332","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary","award":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary","award":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary","award":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary","award":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Capacities, Human Resource Support Operator of Hungary","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Capacities, Human Resource Support Operator of Hungary","award":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Capacities, Human Resource Support Operator of Hungary","award":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Capacities, Human Resource Support Operator of Hungary","award":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Human Capacities, Human Resource Support Operator of Hungary","award":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestment in the Future\u201d Fund","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestment in the Future\u201d Fund","award":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestment in the Future\u201d Fund","award":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestment in the Future\u201d Fund","award":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"]}]},{"name":"\u201cInvestment in the Future\u201d Fund","award":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-19-3-I-SE-74"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTP-NFT\u00d6-21-B-0338"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Befektet\u00e9s a J\u00f6v\u0151be Alap 2020-1.1.6-J\u00d6V\u0150-2021-00011"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Program of the National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T\u00e9mater\u00fcleti Kiv\u00e1l\u00f3s\u00e1gi Program TKP2021-EGA-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Nearly 10% of COVID-19 cases will require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Our aim was to assess the clinical and microbiological outcomes of secondary infections among critically ill COVID-19 adult patients treated with\/without immunomodulation. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was performed between 2020 and 2022 at a single ICU. The diagnosis and severity classification were established by the ECDC and WHO criteria, respectively. Eligible patients were included consecutively at admission, and followed for +30 days post-inclusion. Bloodstream-infections (BSIs), ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VAP), and COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) were defined according to international guidelines. Patient stratification was performed by immunomodulatory therapy administration (dexamethasone, tocilizumab, baricitinib\/ruxolitinib). The primary outcome was any microbiologically confirmed major infectious complication, secondary outcomes were invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) requirement and all-cause mortality. Results: Altogether, 379 adults were included. At baseline, 249\/379 (65.7%) required IMV and 196\/379 (51.7%) had a cytokine storm. At +30 days post-inclusion, the rate of any microbiologically confirmed major infectious complication was 151\/379 (39.8%), IMV requirement and all-cause mortality were 303\/379 (79.9%) and 203\/379 (53.6%), respectively. There were no statistically significant outcome differences after stratification. BSI, VAP, and CAPA episodes were mostly caused by Enterococcus faecalis (27\/124, 22.1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (26\/91, 28.6%), and Aspergillus fumigatus (20\/20, 100%), respectively. Concerning the primary outcome, Kaplan\u2013Meier analysis showed similar probability distributions between the treatment subgroups (118\/299, 39.5% vs. 33\/80, 41.3%, log-rank p = 0.22), and immunomodulation was not retained as its independent predictor in multivariate logistic regression. Conclusions: Secondary infections among critically ill COVID-19 adult patients represent a relevant burden, probably irrespective of immunomodulatory treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,18]],"date-time":"2023-07-18T01:31:32Z","timestamp":1689643892000},"page":"1196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical and Microbiological Outcomes and Follow-Up of Secondary Bacterial and Fungal Infections among Critically Ill COVID-19 Adult Patients Treated with and without Immunomodulation: A Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"B\u00e1lint Gergely","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectology, Department of Haematology and Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Cz\u00e9l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1616-0776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imola","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorina","family":"Kor\u00f3zs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Borisz","family":"Petrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bence","family":"Marosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zs\u00f3fia","family":"G\u00e1sp\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rajmon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rk","family":"Di Giovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"V\u00e1lyi-Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1nos","family":"Sink\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectology, Department of Haematology and Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Botond","family":"Lakatos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectology, Department of Haematology and Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Bobek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Pest Central Hospital, National Institute of Hematology and Infectious Diseases, Albert Florian ut 5\u20137, H-1097 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.016","article-title":"Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: A living rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Langford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e354","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00090-2","article-title":"Co-infections, secondary infections, and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave from the ISARIC WHO CCP-UK study: A multicentre, prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Russell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.021","article-title":"Secondary infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19: Incidence and predictive factors","volume":"27","author":"Ripa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00876-8","article-title":"Impact of dexamethasone on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and blood stream infections in COVID-19 patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04097-8","article-title":"Early steroids ventilator-associated pneumonia in COVID-19-related ARDS","volume":"26","author":"Souchard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697622","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.697622","article-title":"The Dynamic Immunological Parameter Landscape in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients with Different Outcomes","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Ranieri","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camou, F., Issa, N., Hessamfar, M., Guisset, O., Mourissoux, G., Pedeboscq, S., Minot, A., and Bonnet, F. (2022). Is Tocilizumab Plus Dexamethasone Associated with Superinfection in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients?. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195559"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.10.023","article-title":"Effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pandemic period on healthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units","volume":"29","author":"Lepape","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04108-8","article-title":"Co-infection and ICU-acquired infection in COIVD-19 ICU patients: A secondary analysis of the UNITE-COVID data set","volume":"26","author":"Kohler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.10.037","article-title":"Baricitinib vs. tocilizumab treatment for hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19 and associated cytokine storm: A prospective, investigational, real-world study","volume":"125","author":"Lakatos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2023, May 15). Case Definition for COVID-19, as of 3 December 2020, Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/covid-19\/surveillance\/case-definition."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2023, May 15). Clinical Management of COVID-19, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2023."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.007","article-title":"ESCMID COVID-19 living guidelines: Drug treatment and clinical management","volume":"28","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Kasler, M. (2020). Hungarian Coronavirus Handbook [Magyar Koronav\u00edrus K\u00e9zik\u00f6nyv], (In Hungarian)."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12039","article-title":"ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: Non-neutropenic adult patients","volume":"18","author":"Cornely","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz1008","article-title":"Revision and Update of the Consensus Definitions of Invasive Fungal Disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer and the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium","volume":"71","author":"Donnelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30847-1","article-title":"Defining and managing COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis: The 2020 ECMM\/ISHAM consensus criteria for research and clinical guidance","volume":"21","author":"Koehler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/599376","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"49","author":"Mermel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700582","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00582-2017","article-title":"International ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)\/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and Asociacion Latinoamericana del Torax (ALAT)","volume":"50","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (2023, May 15). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, Available online: www.eucast.org."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Elm, E., Altman, D.G., Egger, M., Pocock, S.J., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., Vandenbroucke, J.P., and STROBE Initiative (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2022.154014","article-title":"Dexamethasone as risk-factor for ICU-acquired respiratory tract infections in severe COVID-19","volume":"69","author":"Reyes","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-022-01074-w","article-title":"Association of early dexamethasone therapy with mortality in critically Ill COVID-19 patients: A French multicenter study","volume":"12","author":"Raymond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dupuis, C., de Montmollin, E., Buetti, N., Goldgran-Toledano, D., Reignier, J., Schwebel, C., Domitile, J., Neuville, M., Ursino, M., and Siami, S. (2021). Impact of early corticosteroids on 60-day mortality in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter cohort study of the OUTCOMEREA network. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-293856\/v1"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03493-w","article-title":"Epidemiology and microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in COVID-19 patients: A multicenter retrospective study in 188 patients in an un-inundated French region","volume":"25","author":"Blonz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0357OC","article-title":"Attributable Mortality of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Among Patients with COVID-19","volume":"206","author":"Vacheron","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.04.002","article-title":"Hospital-Acquired Infections in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19","volume":"160","author":"Grasselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myab009","article-title":"COVID-19-associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a tertiary care center in Mexico City","volume":"59","author":"Cuenca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03874-1","article-title":"Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis among intubated patients with SARS-CoV-2 or influenza pneumonia: A European multicenter comparative cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/7\/1196\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:13:17Z","timestamp":1760127197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/7\/1196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12071196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12071196","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]}}}