{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T13:33:13Z","timestamp":1780147993791,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,21]],"date-time":"2023-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HV 911938 and HV 911891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV 911938 and HV 911891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006095","name":"Helse S\u00f8r-\u00d8st","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HV 911938 and HV 911891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV 911938 and HV 911891"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004257","name":"Helse Vest","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004257","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Klinbeforsk","award":["2015090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015090"]}]},{"name":"Klinbeforsk","award":["HV 911938 and HV 911891"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HV 911938 and HV 911891"]}]},{"name":"Klinbeforsk","award":["2017201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Long-term antibiotics are prescribed for a variety of medical conditions, recently including low back pain with Modic changes. The molecular impact of such treatment is unknown. We conducted longitudinal transcriptome and epigenome analyses in patients (n = 100) receiving amoxicillin treatment or placebo for 100 days in the Antibiotics in Modic Changes (AIM) study. Gene expression and DNA methylation were investigated at a genome-wide level at screening, after 100 days of treatment, and at one-year follow-up. We identified intra-individual longitudinal changes in gene expression and DNA methylation in patients receiving amoxicillin, while few changes were observed in patients receiving placebo. After 100 days of amoxicillin treatment, 28 genes were significantly differentially expressed, including the downregulation of 19 immunoglobulin genes. At one-year follow-up, the expression levels were still not completely restored. The significant changes in DNA methylation (n = 4548 CpGs) were mainly increased methylation levels between 100 days and one-year follow-up. Hence, the effects on gene expression occurred predominantly during treatment, while the effects on DNA methylation occurred after treatment. In conclusion, unrecognized side effects of long-term amoxicillin treatment were revealed, as alterations were observed in both gene expression and DNA methylation that lasted long after the end of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12071217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,24]],"date-time":"2023-07-24T00:57:30Z","timestamp":1690160250000},"page":"1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Long-Term Use of Amoxicillin Is Associated with Changes in Gene Expression and DNA Methylation in Patients with Low Back Pain and Modic Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0057-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Dehli","family":"Vigeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri Tenneb\u00f8","family":"Fl\u00e5m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus Dehli","family":"Vigeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0693-7465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansgar","family":"Espeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Zucknick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Wigemyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Christian Haugli","family":"Br\u00e5ten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Gjefsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John-Anker","family":"Zwart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6887-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kjersti","family":"Storheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8448-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda Margareth","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4871-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaja","family":"Selmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, 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