{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T01:42:57Z","timestamp":1779327777179,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University","award":["13\/2-18-153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13\/2-18-153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This cross-sectional study investigated the microbial landscape and antibiotic-resistance patterns in patients with bacterial pneumonia, with a focus on the impact of COVID-19. Sputum samples from individuals with bacterial pneumonia, including coronavirus disease 2019-positive polymerase chain reaction (COVID-19-PCR+), COVID-19-PCR\u2212 and non-COVID-19 patients, were analyzed. Surprisingly, the classic etiological factor of bacterial pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, was rarely isolated from the sputum samples. Furthermore, the frequency of multidrug-resistant pathogens was found to be higher in non-COVID-19 patients, highlighting the potential impact of the pandemic on antimicrobial resistance. Strains obtained from COVID-19-PCR+ patients exhibited significant resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. Notably, the ESKAPE pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterobacter aerogenes, were identified among the isolated microorganisms. Our findings underscore the urgent need for infection control measures and responsible antibiotic use in healthcare settings, as well as the importance of enhancing pneumonia diagnostics and implementing standardized laboratory protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]],"date-time":"2023-08-08T12:26:39Z","timestamp":1691497599000},"page":"1297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Microbial Landscape and Antibiotic-Susceptibility Profiles of Microorganisms in Patients with Bacterial Pneumonia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Cases in Aktobe, Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1100-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurgul","family":"Ablakimova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aigul Z.","family":"Mussina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaziza A.","family":"Smagulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3329-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana","family":"Rachina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Therapy Department No. 2, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119435, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meirambek S.","family":"Kurmangazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aigerim","family":"Balapasheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe 030012, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dinara","family":"Karimoldayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Department, Aktobe Medical Center, Aktobe 030017, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1932-8773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Afshin","family":"Zare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PerciaVista R & D Co., Shiraz 71676-83745, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2729-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Mahdipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Rahmanifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30310-4","article-title":"Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory infections in 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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