{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:43:12Z","timestamp":1790959392834,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["#P30GM122733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#P30GM122733"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial conjunctivitis (BC) entails inflammation of the ocular mucous membrane. Early effective treatment of BC can prevent the spread of the infection to the intraocular tissues, which could lead to bacterial endophthalmitis or serious visual disability. In 2003, gatifloxacin (GTX) eyedrops were introduced as a new broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone to treat BC. Subsequently, GTX use was extended to other ocular bacterial infections. However, due to precorneal loss and poor ocular bioavailability, frequent administration of the commercial eyedrops is necessary, leading to poor patient compliance. Thus, the goal of the current investigation was to formulate GTX in a lipid-based drug delivery system to overcome the challenges with the existing marketed eyedrops and, thus, improve the management of bacterial conjunctivitis. GTX-NLCs and SLNs were formulated with a hot homogenization\u2013probe sonication method. The lead GTX-NLC formulation was characterized and assessed for in vitro drug release, antimicrobial efficacy (against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and ex vivo permeation. The lead formulation exhibited desired physicochemical characteristics, an extended release of GTX over a 12 h period, and was stable over three months at the three storage conditions (refrigerated, room temperature, and accelerated). The transcorneal flux and permeability of GTX from the GTX-NLC formulation were 5.5- and 6.0-fold higher in comparison to the commercial eyedrops and exhibited a similar in vitro antibacterial activity. Therefore, GTX-NLCs could serve as an alternative drug delivery platform to improve treatment outcomes in BC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1692097576000},"page":"1318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Gatifloxacin Loaded Nano Lipid Carriers for the Management of Bacterial Conjunctivitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Poorva H.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Adel Ali","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8647-3383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihir","family":"Ghonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"Varner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siddharth","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narendar","family":"Dudhipala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumyajit","family":"Majumdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, A., Dudhipala, N., and Majumdar, S. 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