{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T11:56:39Z","timestamp":1793706999623,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion venoms have long captivated scientific researchers, primarily due to the potency and specificity of the mechanism of action of their derived components. Among other molecules, these venoms contain highly active compounds, including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and ion channel-specific components that selectively target biological receptors with remarkable affinity. Some of these receptors have emerged as prime therapeutic targets for addressing various human pathologies, including cancer and infectious diseases, and have served as models for designing novel drugs. Consequently, extensive biochemical and proteomic investigations have focused on characterizing scorpion venoms. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key methodologies used in the extraction, purification, analysis, and characterization of AMPs and other bioactive molecules present in scorpion venoms. Noteworthy techniques such as gel electrophoresis, reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, and \u201comics\u201d approaches are explored, along with various combinations of methods that enable bioassay-guided venom fractionation. Furthermore, this review presents four adapted proteomic workflows that lead to the comprehensive dissection of the scorpion venom proteome, with an emphasis on AMPs. These workflows differ based on whether the venom is pre-fractionated using separation techniques or is proteolytically digested directly before further proteomic analyses. Since the composition and functionality of scorpion venoms are species-specific, the selection and sequence of the techniques for venom analyses, including these workflows, should be tailored to the specific parameters of the study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T10:46:00Z","timestamp":1693305960000},"page":"1380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Scorpion Venom as a Source of Antimicrobial Peptides: Overview of Biomolecule Separation, Analysis and Characterization Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6511-612X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Nasr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5827-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Molecular de Toxinas y Receptores, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 50587, Venezuela"},{"name":"Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica, Asunci\u00f3n 1255, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Sahyoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"},{"name":"Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-9259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riad","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Public Health 3, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1200, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabih","family":"Roufayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Legros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Team 2 CarMe, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9040-5647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Sabatier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, CNRS, INP, Inst Neurophysiopathol, 13385 Marseille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad","family":"Fajloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, Tripoli 1352, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021","article-title":"Epidemiology of scorpionism: A global appraisal","volume":"107","author":"Chippaux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendes, L.C., Viana, G.M.M., Nencioni, A.L.A., Pimenta, D.C., and Beraldo-Neto, E. 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