{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T15:26:57Z","timestamp":1785338817304,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1694563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antibiotic use is becoming increasingly challenging with the emergence of multidrug-resistant organisms. Pharmacokinetic (PK) alterations result from complex pathophysiologic changes in some patient populations, particularly those with critical illness. Therefore, antibiotic dose individualization in such populations is warranted. Recently, there have been advances in dose optimization strategies to improve the utilization of existing antibiotics. Bayesian-based dosing is one of the novel approaches that could help clinicians achieve target concentrations in a greater percentage of their patients earlier during therapy. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of current approaches to antibiotic dosing, with a focus on critically ill patients, and discusses the use of Bayesian methods to optimize vancomycin dosing. The Bayesian method of antibiotic dosing was developed to provide more precise predictions of drug concentrations and target achievement early in therapy. It has benefits such as the incorporation of personalized PK\/PD parameters, improved predictive abilities, and improved patient outcomes. Recent vancomycin dosing guidelines emphasize the importance of using the Bayesian method. The Bayesian method is able to achieve appropriate antibiotic dosing prior to the patient reaching the steady state, allowing the patient to receive the right drug at the right dose earlier in therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T05:08:21Z","timestamp":1694581701000},"page":"1441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The Significance of Bayesian Pharmacokinetics in Dosing for Critically Ill Patients: A Primer for Clinicians Using Vancomycin as an Example"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Faris S.","family":"Alnezary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah 41477, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6531-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaad Saeed","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1906-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne J.","family":"Gonzales-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0369-9094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abrar K.","family":"Thabit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, 7027 Abdullah Al-Sulaiman Rd, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.993381","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Impact on clinical and economic outcomes and the need for new antimicrobials","volume":"16","author":"Thabit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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