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The aim of the present study was to identify the potential mechanisms by which S. downii exerts its inhibitory effect on S. mutans. To this end, the study assessed the consumption of glucose and proteins available in the culture medium, the modification of the pH, the production of short-chain fatty acids, the changes in the protein panel of the inhibition halo, the production of hydrogen peroxide and the effect of proteinase K. There were no differences in the glucose values or in the protein content of the medium, but there was a reduction in pH (with no effect on the growth of S. mutans). Significant increases were detected in the levels of lactic and formic acid (with no effect on the growth of S. mutans), as well as changes in the peptide panel (with no effect on the growth of S. mutans). The inhibitory effect was maintained in the presence of peroxidase but disappeared after adding proteinase K. Based on these results, it is suggested that the main mechanism of inhibition of S. downii against S. mutans is the production of bacteriocins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12091472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T21:08:36Z","timestamp":1695330516000},"page":"1472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Mechanism of Action of Streptococcus downii, a New Bacterial Species with Probiotic Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Lamas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Microbiology and Infectology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), 36212 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliane","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3426-6150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anniris","family":"Rinc\u00f3n-Quintero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Microbiology and Infectology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), 36212 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4976-395X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berta","family":"Rivas-Mundi\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Diz-Dios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical-Surgical Dentistry Research Group (OMEQUI), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maximiliano","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Microbiology, Hospital \u00c1lvaro Cunqueiro, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Microbiology and Infectology Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), 36212 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2011.85","article-title":"The oral metagenome in health and disease","volume":"6","author":"Alcaraz","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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