{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:48:39Z","timestamp":1791852519714,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/17\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/17\/44"]}]},{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","award":["PNURSP2023R158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R158"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["RGP2\/17\/44"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/17\/44"]}]},{"name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2023R158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R158"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are healthcare problems that commonly involve bacterial and, in some rare instances, fungal or viral infections. The irrational prescription and use of antibiotics in UTI treatment have led to an increase in antibiotic resistance. Urine samples (145) were collected from male and female patients from Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. Biochemical analyses were carried out to identify uropathogens. Molecular analysis for the identification of 16S ribosomal RNA in samples was performed via Sanger sequencing. Evolutionary linkage was determined using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis-7 (MEGA-7). The study observed significant growth in 52% of the samples (83\/145). Gram-negative bacteria were identified in 85.5% of samples, while Gram-positive bacteria were reported in 14.5%. The UTI prevalence was 67.5% in females and 32.5% in males. The most prevalent uropathogenic bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (39.7%, 33\/83), followed by Escherichia coli (27.7%, 23\/83), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.8%, 9\/83), Staphylococcus aureus (9.6%, 8\/83), Proteus mirabilis (7.2%, 6\/83) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.8%, 4\/83). Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the neighbor-joining method, further confirming the relation of the isolates in our study with previously reported uropathogenic isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility tests identified K. pneumonia as being sensitive to imipenem (100%) and fosfomycin (78.7%) and resistant to cefuroxime (100%) and ciprofloxacin (94%). Similarly, E. coli showed high susceptibility to imipenem (100%), fosfomycin (78.2%) and nitrofurantoin (78.2%), and resistance to ciprofloxacin (100%) and cefuroxime (100%). Imipenem was identified as the most effective antibiotic, while cefuroxime and ciprofloxacin were the least. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that K. pneumoniae, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and P. mirabilis clustered with each other and the reference sequences, indicating high similarity (based on 16S rRNA sequencing). It can be concluded that genetically varied uropathogenic organisms are commonly present within the KP population. Our findings demonstrate the need to optimize antibiotic use in treating UTIs and the prevention of antibiotic resistance in the KP population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12101508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T07:28:29Z","timestamp":1696318109000},"page":"1508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Antibiotic Resistance Profiling and Phylogenicity of Uropathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Ajmal","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atta Ur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leprosy Laboratory, Department of Parasite Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6922-0448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bakhtawar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Disorders, Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samiah Hamad","family":"Al-Mijalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5306-226X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal S.","family":"Alswat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aftab","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cancer Research, and State Key Lab of Molecular Neuroscience, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Refaat A.","family":"Eid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 62529, Abha 12573, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0010-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Samir A.","family":"Zaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy Department, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 62529, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-3354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Butt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamshaid","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2916-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eman","family":"Fayad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health & Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.02.005","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infections: Treatment\/Comparative Therapeutics","volume":"45","author":"Olin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2017.07.002","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infection and Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Older Adults","volume":"31","author":"Trautner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. 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