{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T16:25:07Z","timestamp":1761582307225,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Center of Excellence (P30) for Practice-based Research and Learning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award Program, National Institutes of Health","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}]},{"name":"Atlanta Clinical and Translational Science Institute (ACTSI)","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"K-08 Mentored Clinical Scientist Award, Agency for Healthcare Research &amp; Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000092","name":"National Library of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CER-1402-10800","UL1 TR001866","1 P30-HS-021667","UL1TR002378","UL1RR025008","G12-RR03034","HS024338-01","G08LM013190-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: With increasing international travel and mass population displacement due to war, famine, climate change, and immigration, pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), can also spread across borders. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) most commonly causes skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), as well as more invasive infections. One clonal strain, S. aureus USA300, originating in the United States, has spread worldwide. We hypothesized that S. aureus USA300 would still be the leading clonal strain among US-born compared to non-US-born residents, even though risk factors for SSTIs may be similar in these two populations (2) Methods: In this study, 421 participants presenting with SSTIs were enrolled from six community health centers (CHCs) in New York City. The prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characteristics for MRSA and specifically clonal strain USA300 were examined in relation to the patients\u2019 self-identified country of birth. (3) Results: Patients born in the US were more likely to have S. aureus SSTIs identified as MRSA USA300. While being male and sharing hygiene products with others were also significant risks for MRSA SSTI, we found exposure to animals, such as owning a pet or working at an animal facility, was specifically associated with risk for SSTIs caused by MRSA USA300. Latin American USA300 variant (LV USA300) was most common in participants born in Latin America. Spatial analysis showed that MRSA USA300 SSTI cases were more clustered together compared to other clonal types either from MRSA or methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) SSTI cases. (4) Conclusions: Immigrants with S. aureus infections have unique risk factors and S. aureus molecular characteristics that may differ from US-born patients. Hence, it is important to identify birthplace in MRSA surveillance and monitoring. Spatial analysis may also capture additional information for surveillance that other methods do not.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12101541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]],"date-time":"2023-10-14T14:38:42Z","timestamp":1697294322000},"page":"1541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular Epidemiologic and Geo-Spatial Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Cultured from Skin and Soft Tissue Infections from United States-Born and Immigrant Patients Living in New York City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8542-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilly Cheng","family":"Immergluck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3836-4515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruijin","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6334-1203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike","family":"Edelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdev, Roswell, GA 30076, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2707-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaohua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"TJ","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Directors Network (CDN), New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chamanara","family":"Khalida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Directors Network (CDN), New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Piper-Jenks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Directors Network (CDN), New York, NY 10018, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3273-6392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Pardos de la Gandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur, Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, Unit\u00e9 des Bact\u00e9ries Pathog\u00e8nes Ent\u00e9riques, Centre National de R\u00e9f\u00e9rence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, F-75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herminia","family":"de Lencastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier (ITQB NOVA), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Tomasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa H.","family":"Evering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-0589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhonda G.","family":"Kost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Vaughan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-539X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan N.","family":"Tobin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Directors Network (CDN), New York, NY 10018, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Altman, S.A., and Bastian, P. (2019). DHL Global Connectedness Index, Deutsche Post DHL Group."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.03.018","article-title":"Outcomes and management costs in patients hospitalized for skin and skin-structure infections","volume":"39","author":"Itani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw444","article-title":"Life After USA300: The Rise and Fall of a Superbug","volume":"215","author":"Planet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00081-09","article-title":"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic","volume":"23","author":"David","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2014.4.20583","article-title":"Clinical management of skin and soft tissue infections in the US Emergency Departments","volume":"15","author":"Mistry","year":"2014","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1950","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00134-12","article-title":"Trends and characteristics of culture-confirmed Staphylococcus aureus infections in a large US integrated health care organization","volume":"50","author":"Ray","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812001872","article-title":"A population-based study of the epidemiology and clinical features of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in Pennsylvania, 2001\u20132010","volume":"141","author":"Casey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir308","article-title":"Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus from skin and soft-tissue infections in US emergency department patients, 2004 and 2008","volume":"53","author":"Talan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.01.016","article-title":"Skin and soft tissue infections in intercontinental travelers and the import of multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Europe","volume":"21","author":"Nurjadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray, G.T., Suaya, J.A., and Baxter, R. (2013). Incidence, microbiology, and patient characteristics of skin and soft-tissue infections in a US population: A retrospective population-based study. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-252"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp241","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300: Origin and epidemiology","volume":"64","author":"Tenover","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, V.C., Ma, I., Guo, M., Gregson, D.B., Naugler, C., and Church, D.L. (2019). Sociodemographic and geospatial associations with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections in a large Canadian city: An 11 year retrospective study. BMC Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7169-3"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1086\/648426","article-title":"Dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 sequence type 8 lineage in Latin America","volume":"49","author":"Reyes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70238-4","article-title":"The role of the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin in staphylococcal disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shallcross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02201-10","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus in Spain: Emergence of the USA300 clone in an autochthonous population","volume":"49","author":"Blanco","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1304.061316","article-title":"Global Distribution of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin\u2013positive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2006","volume":"13","author":"Tristan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv320","article-title":"Parallel Epidemics of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Infection in North and South America","volume":"212","author":"Planet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2020, October 07). What Is a Health Center?, Available online: https:\/\/bphc.hrsa.gov\/about\/what-is-a-health-center\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2016.10.003","article-title":"Differences in prevalence of community-associated MRSA and MSSA among US and non-US born populations in six New York Community Health Centers","volume":"14","author":"Kost","year":"2016","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobin, J.N., Hower, S., D\u2019Orazio, B.M., Pardos de la Gandara, M., Evering, T.H., Khalida, C., Ramachandran, J., Gonzalez, L.J., Kost, R.G., and Vasquez, K.S. (2021). Comparative Effectiveness Study of Home-Based Interventions to Prevent CA-MRSA Infection Recurrence. Antibiotics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091105"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Fessenden, F., and Roberts, S. (2020, October 26). Then as Now\u2014New York\u2019s Shifting Ethnic Mosaic. Available online: https:\/\/archive.nytimes.com\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage-9B05E4D7123EF930A15752C0A9679D8B63.html#:~:text=\u2019\u2019New%20York%20has%20evolved%20into,in%20the%20city\u2019s%20foreign%2Dborn."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Esri (2023, April 15). Esri Tapestry Segmentation. Available online: https:\/\/doc.arcgis.com\/en\/esri-demographics\/latest\/regional-data\/tapestry-segmentation.htm."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Esri (2023, April 15). LifeModeGroup: Next Wave High-Rise Renters. Available online: https:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/esri_content_doc\/dbl\/us\/tapestry\/segment64.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Ruscio, F., Bjornholt, J.V., Leegaard, T.M., Moen, A.E.F., and de Blasio, B.F. (2017). MRSA infections in Norway: A study of the temporal evolution, 2006\u20132015. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179771"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2016.11.013","article-title":"When less is best-Why non-US born patients could have less MRSA","volume":"14","author":"Hagmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1942","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1112.050241","article-title":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococci in Companion Animals","volume":"11","author":"Baptiste","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.04.013","article-title":"Diversity of staphylococcal species in food producing animals in Spain, with detection of PVL-positive MRSA ST8 (USA300)","volume":"233","author":"Mama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr499","article-title":"A USA300 variant and other human-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains infecting cats and dogs in France","volume":"67","author":"Haenni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2010.944","article-title":"Evidence of multiple virulence subtypes in nosocomial and community-associated MRSA genotypes in companion animals from the upper midwestern and northeastern United States","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809991476","article-title":"Companion animals: A reservoir for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the community?","volume":"138","author":"Loeffler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadariya, J., Thapaliya, D., Bhatta, S., Mahatara, R.L., Bempah, S., Dhakal, N., and Smith, T.C. (2019). Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonization in Healthy Adults Is More Common in Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal than Those Resettled in Ohio. BioMed Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5739247"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.01.003","article-title":"Anatomical patterns of colonization of pets with staphylococcal species in homes of people with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin or soft tissue infection (SSTI)","volume":"176","author":"Iverson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13135","article-title":"Risk factors for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage in MRSA-exposed household pets","volume":"34","author":"Cotter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.008","article-title":"Temporal Stability of the Human Skin Microbiome","volume":"165","author":"Oh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"taz036","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taz036","article-title":"Global geographic trends in antimicrobial resistance: The role of international travel","volume":"26","author":"Frost","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Travel. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2204993119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204993119","article-title":"Phylodynamic signatures in the emergence of community-associated MRSA","volume":"119","author":"Steinig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"mgen000993","article-title":"Colonization and transmission of Staphylococcus aureus in schools: A citizen science project","volume":"9","author":"McCullagh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2021.0383","article-title":"Evaluation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in the Elderly in Portugal Using Selective Enrichment Followed by Quantitative Real-Time PCR","volume":"28","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"000601","article-title":"Exploring the evolution and epidemiology of European CC1-MRSA-IV: Tracking a multidrug-resistant community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone","volume":"7","author":"Earls","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26842-3","article-title":"Prevalence of colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria in communities and hospitals in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"Ita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2023.103094","article-title":"A Bayesian multilevel analysis exploring population-level effects mediating the relationship between area-level poverty and community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infection across California communities","volume":"83","author":"May","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac438","article-title":"A Quantitative Assessment of Staphylococcus aureus Community Carriage in Yuma, Arizona","volume":"227","author":"Russakoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243S","DOI":"10.1177\/1077558707305414","article-title":"Cultural Leverage: Interventions Using Culture to Narrow Racial Disparities in Health Care","volume":"64","author":"Fisher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Care Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu296","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"59","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Tobin, J., de la G\u00e1ndara, M.P., D\u2019Orazio, B., Hower, S., Vaughan, R., Corr\u00eaa da Rosa, J., Kost, R., Vasquez, K., Evering, T., and Vasquez, K. (2023, October 06). Testing a Way to Keep Staph Infections from Recurring. Available online: https:\/\/www.pcori.org\/research-results\/2014\/testing-way-keep-staph-infections-recurring."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2014.0283","article-title":"Recurrent furunculosis caused by a community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strain belonging to the USA300 clone","volume":"21","author":"Balachandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.619-621.2006","article-title":"High interlaboratory reproducibility of DNA sequence-based typing of bacteria in a multicenter study","volume":"44","author":"Boye","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9865","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.161272898","article-title":"The evolution of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Similarity of genetic backgrounds in historically early methicillin susceptible and -resistant isolates and contemporary epidemic clones","volume":"98","author":"Crisostomo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.3.1008-1015.2000","article-title":"Multilocus Sequence Typing for Characterization of Methicillin Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Clones of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"38","author":"Enright","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2000.6.189","article-title":"Molecular Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis: Comparison of Results Obtained in a Multilaboratory Effort Using Identical Protocols and MRSA Strains","volume":"6","author":"Chung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.11.5113-5120.2003","article-title":"Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: Establishing a national database","volume":"41","author":"McDougal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00275-07","article-title":"Update to the multiplex PCR strategy for assignment of mec element types in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"51","author":"Milheirico","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm112","article-title":"Multiplex PCR strategy for subtyping the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: \u2018SCCmec IV multiplex\u2019","volume":"60","author":"Milheirico","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1086\/587907","article-title":"The arginine catabolic mobile element and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec linkage: Convergence of virulence and resistance in the USA300 clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"197","author":"Diep","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.030089","article-title":"Community-Acquired Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carrying Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes: Worldwide Emergence","volume":"9","author":"Vandenesch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00591-15","article-title":"Molecular Types of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Strains Causing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Nasal Colonization, Identified in Community Health Centers in New York City","volume":"53","author":"Mwangi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.7.2155-2161.2002","article-title":"Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"46","author":"Oliveira","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"City of New York (2019, November 06). NYC Open Data. Available online: https:\/\/opendata.cityofnewyork.us\/."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau (2020, April 26). Explore Census Data, Available online: https:\/\/data.census.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Esri (2022). ArcGIS Pro, Esri, Inc."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Esri Data Development (2023, April 19). 2022 Esri Tapestry Segmentation. Available online: https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/6e8f2d8c08d8427892e816d1aeb373f8."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/10\/1541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:07:05Z","timestamp":1760130425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/10\/1541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12101541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12101541","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2079-6382"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,14]]}}}