{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T04:47:24Z","timestamp":1789879644015,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The worsening of antibiotic resistance is a multifactorial process. One aspect of this is the counterfeiting of antibiotic medications. This is supposed to be particularly high in developing countries, including Nigeria. Therefore, the potency of some antibiotic drugs dispensed in community pharmacies in Gwale, Kano, Nigeria, was investigated in this case study. Three products, each from different manufacturers, with the active ingredients of ceftriaxone, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole, respectively, were included in this study. By means of a disc-diffusion assay, the effect against the typed strains Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) as well as Clostridium tetani isolated from soil was tested. Clinical isolates of S. aureus and E. coli were also used. While antibiotics, with the exception of ciprofloxacin-containing preparations against C. tetani, showed acceptable efficacy against the typed strains by comparison with the clinical science laboratory references, a predominant failure was observed with the clinical isolates. Thus, the investigated drug preparations can be considered of acceptable quality for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections. This excludes counterfeits in the sampled preparations. However, the insufficient efficacy against clinical isolates further documents the severity of nosocomial bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]],"date-time":"2023-10-31T11:16:27Z","timestamp":1698750987000},"page":"1582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Evaluating the Potency of Selected Antibiotic Medications Dispensed in Community Pharmacies in Gwale, Kano, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Dauda","family":"Mukhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Gwarzo Road, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatihu Ahmad","family":"Rufa\u2019i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kano Liaison Office, Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis (and Onchocerciasis) Research, Surame Road, Kaduna PMB 2077, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdurrahaman Umar","family":"Yola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Gwarzo Road, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafisa Ibrahim","family":"Babba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Gwarzo Road, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1963-9838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Baecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, K\u00f6nigin-Luise-Stra\u00dfe 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.11.005","article-title":"Impact of poor-quality medicines in the \u2018developing\u2019 world","volume":"31","author":"Newton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. 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