{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:02:55Z","timestamp":1790906575196,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200-2017-96239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2017-96239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6040-32000-009-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-009-000-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6040-32000-079-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-079-000-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS","award":["200-2017-96239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200-2017-96239"]}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS","award":["6040-32000-009-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-009-000-D"]}]},{"name":"USDA-ARS","award":["6040-32000-079-000-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6040-32000-079-000-D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aquatic environment has been recognized as a source of antibiotic resistance (AR) that factors into the One Health approach to combat AR. To provide much needed data on AR in the environment, a comprehensive survey of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic residues was conducted in a mixed-use watershed and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) within the watershed to evaluate these contaminants in surface water. A culture-based approach was used to determine prevalence and diversity of ARB in surface water. Low levels of AR Salmonella (9.6%) and Escherichia coli (6.5%) were detected, while all Enterococcus were resistant to at least one tested antibiotic. Fewer than 20% of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae (17.3%) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) (7.7%) were recovered. Six ARGs were detected using qPCR, primarily the erythromycin-resistance gene, ermB. Of the 26 antibiotics measured, almost all water samples (98.7%) had detectable levels of antibiotics. Analysis of wastewater samples from three WWTPs showed that WWTPs did not completely remove AR contaminants. ARGs and antibiotics were detected in all the WWTP effluent discharges, indicating that WWTPs are the source of AR contaminants in receiving water. However, no significant difference in ARGs and antibiotics between the upstream and downstream water suggests that there are other sources of AR contamination. The widespread occurrence and abundance of medically important antibiotics, bacteria resistant to antibiotics used for human and veterinary purposes, and the genes associated with resistance to these antibiotics, may potentially pose risks to the local populations exposed to these water sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]],"date-time":"2023-11-02T09:16:21Z","timestamp":1698916581000},"page":"1586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance in a Mixed-Use Watershed and the Impact of Wastewater Treatment Plants on Antibiotic Resistance in Surface Water"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1967-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sohyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lari M.","family":"Hiott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4315-5582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quentin D.","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southeast Area, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5778-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julian","family":"Damashek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Utica University, Utica, NY 13502, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Westrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martinique","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roland F.","family":"Seim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"},{"name":"Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7934-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donna A.","family":"Glinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Bateman McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lewis F. Rogers Institute for Environmental and Spatial Analysis, University of North Georgia, Oakwood, GA 30566, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7898-2425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Ottesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin K.","family":"Lipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William Matthew","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8480-4556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlene R.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8500-3395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan G.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70317-1","article-title":"The role of the natural environment in the emergence of antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria","volume":"13","author":"Wellington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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