{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:10:49Z","timestamp":1790367049878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Research and Innovation Plan for Health, Department of Health","award":["SLT021\/21\/000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SLT021\/21\/000022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a major global problem that is primarily driven by the excessive and inappropriate utilization of antibiotics. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequent in primary health care (PHC) and are typically treated with antibiotics. There is ample evidence on the management of this condition in women but not in men. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of UTIs in men in Catalonia, Spain. We conducted a population-based observational cohort study that included male patients diagnosed with UTI within our SIDIAP and CMBD database during the period from 2012 to 2021. UTI diagnoses were grouped into five main groups (cystitis, prostatitis, orchitis and epididymitis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis). Of the 316,762 men with at least one recorded UTI episode, the majority were registered with a diagnosis of cystitis in PHC (212,958 patients). Quinolones were the most commonly recorded treatment for UTIs (between 18.3% and 38.6%, depending on the group), except for urethritis in which a combination of antibiotics (36.7%) was most frequently used. The treatment duration period was between 9 days and 18 days, except for the prostatitis group, in which treatment was extended to 21 days. Urine cultures were documented in up to 30% in the cystitis group. Pyelonephritis was the category linked to most septicemia cases (3.0%). Conclusions: This is the first study to assess UTIs in men using a large PHC database in Spain. The sociodemographic characteristics of our sample are similar to other studies in the literature. In our setting, the use of quinolones for the treatment of UTIs is the most registered, and its duration was between 9 days and 18 days, despite the fact that resistance to quinolones exceeds 20% of the strains in our area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]],"date-time":"2023-11-10T01:17:51Z","timestamp":1699579071000},"page":"1611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Urinary Tract Infections in Men in Primary Care in Catalonia, Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1671-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Universitat de Girona, 17004 Girona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Moragas Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de la Salut, Center d\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria Jaume I, 43005 Tarragona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43123 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3750-9233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Giner-Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Morros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Clinical Research Network, UIC IDIAPJGol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Ouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sangen\u00eds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Clinical Research Network, UIC IDIAPJGol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00f2nica","family":"Monteagudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Monf\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vall\u00e8s), Spain"},{"name":"Spanish Clinical Research Network, UIC IDIAPJGol, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Llor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3 Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Prim\u00e0ria de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina, 08007 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Enfermedades Infecciosas Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Research Unit for General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, J. (2014). Review on Antimicrobial Resistance. Antimicrobial Resistance: Tackling a Crisis for the Health and Wealth of Nations, Wellcome Trust."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global Burden of Bacterial Antimicrobial Resistance in 2019: A Systematic Analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2022, November 05). Antibiotic Resistance. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/antibiotic-resistance."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hay, D. (2019). Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care. BMJ, 364.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l780"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000228","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections","volume":"29","author":"Tandogdu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2560-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections, Bacterial Species and Resistances in Primary Care in France","volume":"35","author":"Malmartel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornf\u00e4lt Isberg, H., Melander, E., Hedin, K., M\u00f6lstad, S., and Beckman, A. (2019). Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections in Swedish Primary Care; Etiology, Resistance and Treatment. BMC Infect. Dis., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3785-x"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2009.03.014","article-title":"Enfermedad Infecciosa En Atenci\u00f3n Primaria: Estudio Prospectivo Efectuado Durante Todo Un A\u00f1o","volume":"28","author":"Llor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecc. Microbiol. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01054-9","article-title":"Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections: Incidence, Morbidity, and Economic Costs","volume":"113","author":"Foxman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp030027","article-title":"Acute Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Women","volume":"349","author":"Fihn","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornf\u00e4lt Isberg, H., Hedin, K., Melander, E., M\u00f6lstad, S., and Beckman, A. (2019). Increased Adherence to Treatment Guidelines in Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Primary Care: A Retrospective Study. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214572"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP42360","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infection in Men","volume":"42","author":"Ohse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l525","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l525","article-title":"Antibiotic Management of Urinary Tract Infection in Elderly Patients in Primary Care and Its Association with Bloodstream Infections and All Cause Mortality: Population Based Cohort Study","volume":"364","author":"Gharbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shallcross, L., Rockenschaub, P., Blackburn, R., Nazareth, I., Freemantle, N., and Hayward, A. (2020). Antibiotic Prescribing for Lower UTI in Elderly Patients in Primary Care and Risk of Bloodstream Infection: A Cohort Study Using Electronic Health Records in England. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.11.20033811"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"314","article-title":"Resumen Ejecutivo Del Diagn\u00f3stico y Tratamiento de Las Infecciones Del Tracto Urinario. Gu\u00eda de La Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica (SEIMC)","volume":"35","author":"Aliaga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enfermedades Infecc. Microbiol. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2010.02.042","article-title":"Etiolog\u00eda y Sensibilidad de Los Uropat\u00f3genos Identificados En Infecciones Urinarias Bajas No Complicadas de La Mujer (Estudio ARESC): Implicaciones En La Terapia Emp\u00edrica","volume":"136","author":"Palou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Ma\u00f1as, L. (2020). Urinary Tract Infections in the Elderly: A Review of Disease Characteristics and Current Treatment Options. Drugs Context, 9.","DOI":"10.7573\/dic.2020-4-13"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance in the Eu\/EEA (EARS-Net)\u2014Annual Epidemiological Report 2020, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmac068","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Male Urinary Tract Infections in Primary Care: A Lack of International Consensus-a Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"40","author":"Soudais","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Patolog\u00eda Infecciosa en: Grupo de Trabajo de Enfermedades Infecciosas de la semFYC (2017). Manual de Enfermedades Infecciosas En Atenci\u00f3n Primaria, semFYC. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2018). Gu\u00eda de Terap\u00e9utica Antimicrobiana Del \u00c1rea Aljarafe, Distrito Sanitario Aljarafe-Sevilla Norte y Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44244","DOI":"10.2196\/44244","article-title":"Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Catalonia, Spain: Protocol for an Observational Cohort Study","volume":"12","author":"Moreno","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance ENCePP (2022, December 19). Resources Database. Available online: https:\/\/www.encepp.eu\/encepp\/resourcesDatabase.jsp."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"179","article-title":"Constructing a Deprivation Index Based on Census Data in Large Spanish Cities [the MEDEA Project]","volume":"22","author":"Borrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gac. Sanit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.06.160065","article-title":"5-Day versus 10-Day Course of Fluoroquinolones in Outpatient Males with a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)","volume":"29","author":"Mospan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Nieuwkoop, C., van der Starre, W.E., Stalenhoef, J.E., van Aartrijk, A.M., van der Reijden, T.J.K., Vollaard, A.M., Delfos, N.M., van \u2019t Wout, J.W., Blom, J.W., and Spelt, I.C. (2017). Treatment Duration of Febrile Urinary Tract Infection: A Pragmatic Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Non-Inferiority Trial in Men and Women. BMC Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0835-3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.9899","article-title":"Effect of 7 vs 14 Days of Antibiotic Therapy on Resolution of Symptoms among Afebrile Men with Urinary Tract Infection: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"326","author":"Drekonja","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrell, K., Tandan, M., Santiago, V.H., Gagyor, I., Braend, A.M., Skow, M., Vik, I., Jansaaker, F., Hayward, G., and Vellinga, A. (2021). Treatment of Uncomplicated UTI in Males: A Systematic Review of the Literature. BJGP Open, 5.","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgpopen20X101140"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2022.v112i7.16258","article-title":"Treating Urinary Tract Infections in Public Sector Primary Healthcare Facilities in Cape Town, South Africa: A Pharmaceutical Perspective","volume":"112","author":"Keuler","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plate, A., Kronenberg, A., Risch, M., Mueller, Y., Di Gangi, S., Rosemann, T., and Senn, O. (2020). Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Swiss Primary Care: Quality and Determinants of Antibiotic Prescribing. BMC Fam. Pract., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01201-1"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-019-01361-y","article-title":"Active Surveillance of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Urinary Tract Infections in Primary Care in Switzerland","volume":"47","author":"Plate","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.009","article-title":"Critical Review of Current Definitions of Urinary Tract Infections and Proposal of an EAU\/ESIU Classification System","volume":"38","author":"Johansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haugom, L.E.A., Ruths, S., Emberland, K.E., Eliassen, K.E.R., Rortveit, G., and Wensaas, K.A. (2021). Consultations and Antibiotic Treatment for Urinary Tract Infections in Norwegian Primary Care 2006\u20132015, a Registry-Based Study. BMC Fam. Pract., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-021-01470-4"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmaa136","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Male Urinary Tract Infections: A Need for New Guidelines. Study from a French General Practice Electronic Database","volume":"38","author":"Soudais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"397","article-title":"Tratamiento Antimicrobiano Domiciliario Endovenoso En Hombres Con Infecci\u00f3n Del Tracto Urinario Febril: Diferencias Entre El Modelo de Evitaci\u00f3n de Ingreso y El de Alta Precoz Hospitalaria. Outpatient Intravenous Antimicrobial Therapy in Men with Febrile Urinary Tract Infecionts: Differences between the Hospital Admissi\u00f3n-Avoidance and Early-Discharge Models","volume":"33","author":"Chico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emergencias"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spek, M., Cals, J.W.L., Oudhuis, G.J., Savelkoul, P.H.M., and de Bont, E.G.P.M. (2020). Workload, Diagnostic Work-up and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Adults during out-of-Hours Primary Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study. BMC Fam. Pract., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01305-8"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01498","article-title":"Treatment of Cystitis by Hungarian General Practitioners: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"10","author":"Benko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, H., Farewell, D., Jones, H.M., Francis, N.A., Paranjothy, S., and Butler, C.C. (2018). Incidence and Antibiotic Prescribing for Clinically Diagnosed Urinary Tract Infection in Older Adults in UK Primary Care, 2004\u20132014. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190521"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Badia, J.M., Barrufet, P., Calbo, E., Besoli, A., Casas, I., Diaz, E., Domenech, D., Duran, J., Gasch, O., and Grau, S. (2022). Vigil\u00e0ncia de Les Infeccions Relacionades Amb l\u2019Atenci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria de Catalunya (VINCat): Informe Anual 2022, Departament de Salut."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2023, July 05). Information System for Research in Primary Care. Available online: https:\/\/www.sidiap.org\/index.php\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e324","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac068","article-title":"Data Resource Profile: The Information System for Research in Primary Care (SIDIAP)","volume":"51","author":"Recalde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, December 22). International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision. Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/246208."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2022, December 22). ATC\/DDD Index 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index\/."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2012.01.020","article-title":"Base de Datos SIDIAP: La Historia Cl\u00ednica Informatizada de Atenci\u00f3n Primaria Como Fuente de Informaci\u00f3n Para La Investigaci\u00f3n Epidemiol\u00f3gica","volume":"138","author":"Morros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"(2023, July 10). Servei Catal\u00e0 de la Salut Conjunt M\u00ednim B\u00e0sic de Dades (CMBD). Available online: https:\/\/catsalut.gencat.cat\/ca\/proveidors-professionals\/registres-catalegs\/registres\/cmbd\/."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/11\/1611\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:20:49Z","timestamp":1760131249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/12\/11\/1611"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics12111611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics12111611","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]}}}