{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T04:29:55Z","timestamp":1770697795729,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays there is a growing interest worldwide in using bacteriophages for therapeutic purposes to combat antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, driven by the increasing ineffectiveness of drugs against bacterial infections. Despite this fact, no novel commercially available therapeutic phage products have been developed in the last two decades, as it is extremely difficult to register them under the current legal regulations. This paper presents a description of the interaction between a bacteriophage manufacturer and a clinical institution, the specificity of which is the selection of bacteriophages not for an individual patient, but for the entire spectrum of bacteria circulating in the intensive care unit with continuous clinical and microbiological monitoring of efficacy. The study presents the description of three clinical cases of patients who received bacteriophage complex via inhalation for 28 days according to the protocol without antibiotic use throughout the period. No adverse effects were observed and the elimination of multidrug-resistant microorganisms from the bronchoalveolar lavage contents was detected in all patients. A decrease in such inflammatory markers as C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin was also noted. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of an adaptive phage therapy protocol in intensive care units for reducing the amount of antibiotics used and preserving their efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12121734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,15]],"date-time":"2023-12-15T03:16:33Z","timestamp":1702610193000},"page":"1734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Adaptive Phage Therapy for the Prevention of Recurrent Nosocomial Pneumonia: Novel Protocol Description and Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7947-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fedor","family":"Zurabov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center \u201cMicroMir\u201d, 107031 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Zurabov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center \u201cMicroMir\u201d, 107031 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Gurkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center \u201cMicroMir\u201d, 107031 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6185-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Polyakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Cheboksarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9316-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Chernevskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0284-8913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Yuryev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Production Center \u201cMicroMir\u201d, 107031 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artem","family":"Kuzovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexey","family":"Yakovlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Grechko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 10703 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2014). 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