{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T01:22:19Z","timestamp":1784251339941,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Belgium Directorate General for Development Cooperation (DGD)","award":["318642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318642"]}]},{"name":"Finnish institutions (FinELib)","award":["318642"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["318642"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are sparse across numerous African countries, as microbiological analyses are not routinely conducted and surveillance data are not collected. Accordingly, clinical samples are not routinely tested for carbapenem-resistant bacteria and, therefore, the general understanding of their prevalence in the region remains limited. Methods: Between January 2020 and June 2022, we collected extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) isolates from five hospitals in Burkina Faso. After an initial culture on ESBL-selective media, the species were identified using API20E and isolates were tested against 13 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method on Mueller\u2013Hinton (MH) agar. ESBL production was confirmed via a double-disc synergy test. Production of carbapenemases and AmpC-\u03b2-lactamases and phenotypic co-resistance were determined. Results: Among the 473 ESBL-PE, 356 were ESBL-E. coli (ESBL-Ec) and 117 were Klebsiella spp. (ESBL-K). Of these isolates, 5.3% were carbapenemase and 5.3% were AmpC-\u03b2-lactamase-positive. Three types of carbapenemases were identified: 19 NDM, 3 OXA-48-like and 1 VIM. Two isolates produced both NDM and OXA-48-like carbapenemases. Carbapenemase producers were detected at all levels of healthcare. Co-resistance rates were up to 85% for aminoglycosides, 90% for sulfonamides, 95% for fluoroquinolones and 25% for chloramphenicol. Fosfomycin resistance was 6% for ESBL-Ec and 49% for ESBL-K (49%). Conclusions: Some of the ESBL-Ec and ESBL-K co-produced carbapenemases and\/or AmpC-\u03b2-lactamases at all healthcare levels and in various sample types with high co-resistance rates to non-betalactams. Carbapenem resistance is no longer rare, calling for testing in routine diagnostics, a comprehensive resistance surveillance system and infection control within healthcare.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T09:35:21Z","timestamp":1703756121000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Phenotypic Detection of Carbapenemase and AmpC-\u03b2-Lactamase Production among Extended Spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. Isolated from Clinical Specimens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Garba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"},{"name":"Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9renger","family":"Kabor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isidore J. O.","family":"Bonkoungou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magloire H.","family":"Natama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0594-3887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toussaint","family":"Rouamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaisa","family":"Haukka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Human Microbiome Research Program, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juha P.","family":"Kirveskari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helsinki Innovation Services Ltd., University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halidou","family":"Tinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9, Ouagadougou 11 BP 218, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lassana","family":"Sangar\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0004-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anu","family":"Kantele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Microbiome Research Program, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"},{"name":"Meilahti Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Research Center MeiVac, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2022). 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