{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T11:00:44Z","timestamp":1776078044624,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FEDER","award":["2018-FED-1084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-FED-1084"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["ANR-20-AMRB-0001-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-AMRB-0001-01"]}]},{"name":"FEDER","award":["ANR-10-INBS-09-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-INBS-09-09"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["2018-FED-1084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-FED-1084"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["ANR-20-AMRB-0001-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-AMRB-0001-01"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["ANR-10-INBS-09-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-INBS-09-09"]}]},{"name":"Biomics Platform, C2RT, Pasteur Institut","award":["2018-FED-1084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-FED-1084"]}]},{"name":"Biomics Platform, C2RT, Pasteur Institut","award":["ANR-20-AMRB-0001-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-AMRB-0001-01"]}]},{"name":"Biomics Platform, C2RT, Pasteur Institut","award":["ANR-10-INBS-09-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-INBS-09-09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Waterborne faecal contamination is a major public health concern. The main objectives of this study were to investigate faecal contamination and Escherichia coli (E. coli) antibiotic resistance in recreational fresh water from Guadeloupe and to characterise the microbiome and resistome composition in biofilms from submerged rocks. Significant faecal contamination was observed at 14 freshwater sites. E. coli predominated (62%), followed by Enterobacter cloacae (11%) and Acinetobacter spp. (11%). Of 152 E. coli isolated, none produced extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), but 7% showed resistance to streptomycin and 4% to tetracycline. Biofilm resistome analysis revealed clinically significant antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs), including those coding for resistance to sulfonamides (sul1), carbapenems (blaKPC), and third-generation cephalosporins (blaCTX-M). Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) (intI1, intI2, intI3) linked to resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, tetracycline, as well as heavy metal resistance determinants (copA, cusF, czcA, merA) conferring resistance to copper, silver, cadmium, and mercury were also detected. Diverse bacterial phyla were found in biofilm samples, of which Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Planctonomycetes, and Cyanobacteria were predominant. Despite the frequent presence of E. coli exceeding regulatory standards, the low levels of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in freshwater and of ARGs and MGEs in associated biofilms suggest limited antibiotic resistance in Guadeloupean recreational waters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T08:12:37Z","timestamp":1705392757000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Do Microorganisms in Bathing Water in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) Have Resistance Genes?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Degr\u00e2ce","family":"Batantou Mabandza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmission, Reservoir and Diversity of Pathogens Unit, Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edlyne","family":"Colletin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmission, Reservoir and Diversity of Pathogens Unit, Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Dagot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Limoges, INSERM, CHU Limoges, RESINFIT, U1092, 87000 Limoges, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaure","family":"Qu\u00e9tel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmission, Reservoir and Diversity of Pathogens Unit, Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Breurec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmission, Reservoir and Diversity of Pathogens Unit, Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Hyacinthe Bastaraud, University of the Antilles, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"},{"name":"INSERM, Centre for Clinical Investigation 1424, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"},{"name":"Department of Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, University of Montpellier, INSERM, 34394 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital Centre of Guadeloupe, 971110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Guyomard-Rabenirina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transmission, Reservoir and Diversity of Pathogens Unit, Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe, 97110 Pointe-\u00e0-Pitre, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503141112","article-title":"Global Trends in Antimicrobial Use in Food Animals","volume":"112","author":"Brower","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. 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