{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T21:17:55Z","timestamp":1793395075675,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils are of great interest due to their potent pharmaceutical and biological activities. In this study, essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis originating from the Middle Atlas of Morocco were investigated. Their chemical compositions were analyzed using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, while the assessment of the trapping power of the radical (DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and the reducing antioxidant potential of ferric ions (FRAP: Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) were performed in order to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Their antibacterial potency was tested against six bacterial strains through the disk diffusion method. The chromatography analyses of the extracted essential oils highlighted the presence of two main components, namely carvacrol at 75.70% in O. compactum and thymol at 40.67% in T. zygis. The antioxidant activity tests showed that both essential oils demonstrated a significant antioxidant activity comparable to the positive control (e.g., ascorbic acid). The antibacterial activity results showed a strong antimicrobial effect for both essential oils, compared to synthetic antibiotics. This study affirms the presence of bioactive components with interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities in the essential oils extracted from Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis, which could find several applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries through the substitution of synthetic antioxidants and antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T08:44:06Z","timestamp":1706690646000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":98,"title":["Carvacrol and Thymol Content Affects the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Origanum compactum and Thymus zygis Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5681-4439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mounia","family":"Chroho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1002-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youssef","family":"Rouphael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Universit\u00e0 100, 80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0324-7960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon A.","family":"Petropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2231-1956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latifa","family":"Bouissane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.2020.1746698","article-title":"The Progress of Essential Oils as Potential Therapeutic Agents: A Review","volume":"32","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological Effects of Essential Oils\u2014A Review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fcsn\u00fc Can Ba\u0219er, K., and Buchbauer, G. (2015). Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology, and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b19393"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.127","article-title":"Establishment of in Vitro and in Vivo Anti-Colon Cancer Efficacy of Essential Oils Containing Oleo-Gum Resin Extract of Mesua Ferrea","volume":"109","author":"Asif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103580","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Potential of Essential Oils and Their Chemical Constituents against Drug-Resistant Microbial Pathogens","volume":"134","author":"Tariq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012022","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1090\/1\/012022","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oil of Lavandula pedunculata from Khenifra Morocco","volume":"1090","author":"Chroho","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chroho, M., Drioiche, A., Saidi, S., Zair, T., and Bouissane, L. (2021). Total Phenolic and Flavonoids Contents and in Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Several Calendula officinalis (Marigold) Extracts. J. Biol. Res.\u2014Boll. Della Soc. Ital. Di Biol. Sper., 94.","DOI":"10.4081\/jbr.2021.9680"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1675585","article-title":"The Antibacterial Properties of Phenolic Isomers, Carvacrol and Thymol","volume":"60","author":"Kachur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1875","article-title":"Factors Affecting Secondary Metabolite Production in Plants: Volatile Components and Essential Oils","volume":"23","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coimbra, A., Miguel, S., Ribeiro, M., Coutinho, P., Silva, L., Duarte, A.P., and Ferreira, S. (2022). Thymus zygis Essential Oil: Phytochemical Characterization, Bioactivity Evaluation and Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics against Staphylococcus Aureus. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020146"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2022.103077","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Thymus zygis Essential Oil against Listeria monocytogenes and Its Application as Food Preservative","volume":"80","author":"Coimbra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijpb13040044","article-title":"Quality Control, Phytochemical Profile, and Antibacterial Effect of Origanum compactum Benth. Essential Oil from Morocco","volume":"13","author":"Hayani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2018.02.002","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Origanum compactum Benth. Essential Oils from Different Areas at Northern Morocco","volume":"115","author":"Laghmouchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2017.07.033","article-title":"Correlation between Phenological Changes, Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Moroccan Endemic Oregano (Origanum compactum Benth)","volume":"108","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radi, F.Z., Bouhrim, M., Mechchate, H., Al-zahrani, M., Qurtam, A.A., Aleissa, A.M., Drioiche, A., Handaq, N., and Zair, T. (2022). Phytochemical Analysis, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Thymus zygis L. and Thymus willdenowii Boiss. Essential Oils. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11010015"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouymajane, A., Filali, F.R., Ed-Dra, A., Aazza, M., Nalbone, L., Giarratana, F., Alibrando, F., Miceli, N., Mondello, L., and Cacciola, F. (2022). Chemical Profile, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anisakicidal Activities of Thymus zygis Subsp. Gracilis Essential Oil and Its Effect against Listeria monocytogenes. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 383.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109960"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133370","article-title":"Biological Properties of Thymus zygis Essential Oil with Emphasis on Antimicrobial Activity and Food Application","volume":"393","author":"Coimbra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2019.03.001","article-title":"Essential Oils of Origanum compactum Increase Membrane Permeability, Disturb Cell Membrane Integrity, and Suppress Quorum-Sensing Phenotype in Bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.04.049","article-title":"Mixture Design of Origanum compactum, Origanum majorana and Thymus serpyllum Essential Oils: Optimization of Their Antibacterial Effect","volume":"89","author":"Ouedrhiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chroho, M., Bouymajane, A., Aazza, M., Oulad El Majdoub, Y., Cacciola, F., Mondello, L., Zair, T., and Bouissane, L. (2022). Determination of the Phenolic Profile, and Evaluation of Biological Activities of Hydroethanolic Extract from Aerial Parts of Origanum compactum from Morocco. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165189"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201500511","article-title":"Chemical Polymorphism of Origanum compactum Grown in All Natural Habitats in Morocco","volume":"13","author":"Aboukhalid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798259","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.798259","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antifungal, Insecticidal and Repellent Activity of Essential Oils from Origanum compactum Benth. Used in the Mediterranean Diet","volume":"13","author":"Aimad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"9","article-title":"Yield and Chemical Variability of the Essential Oil Isolated from Aerial Parts of Wild Origanum compactum Benth. From Moroccan Western Rif","volume":"1","author":"Bakhy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Essent. Oil Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2020.v13i3.36319","article-title":"Antimicrobial, Antioxidant Activity, and Chemical Composition of Origanum compactum Benth from Taounate Province, North Morocco","volume":"13","author":"Zeroual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9358","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC112.93589371","article-title":"Phytochemical Profiling of Essential Oils Isolated Using Hydrodistillation and Microwave Methods and Characterization of Some Nutrients in Origanum compactum Benth from Central-Northern Morocco","volume":"11","author":"Zeroual","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"140906","article-title":"Caract\u00e9risation Chimique de Certaines Esp\u00e8ces de Thym Marocain Du Moyen Atlas (R\u00e9gion de Khenifra)","volume":"6","author":"Belmalha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Lib. Ed. Mersenne"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"76","article-title":"Composition et Variabilit\u00e9 Chimique Des Huiles Essentielles de Deux Esp\u00e8ces de Thym Sauvage Du Maroc: Thymus zygis L. Subsp. Gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales et Thymus satureioides Cosson","volume":"69","author":"Elidrissi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. News"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000252","DOI":"10.4172\/2167-0412.1000252","article-title":"Origanum compactum Benth: A Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties","volume":"5","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Aromat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(03)00275-7","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis Cinerea Pers: Fr","volume":"89","author":"Bouchra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.04124.x","article-title":"Investigation of Functional and Morphological Changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus Cells Induced by Origanum compactum Essential Oil","volume":"106","author":"Bouhdid","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1996.9701036","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activities of Two Aromatic Plants: Origanum majorana L. and O. compactum Benth","volume":"8","author":"Charai","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"C512","article-title":"Oregano: Chemical Analysis and Evaluation of Its Antimalarial, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities","volume":"76","author":"Bouajila","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2022.03.034","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activities of Wild and Cultivated Origanum compactum Essential Oils from the Municipality of Chaoun, Morocco","volume":"147","author":"Jeldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.010","article-title":"Acaricidal Activity of Origanum bilgeri P.H. Davis (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil and Its Major Component, Carvacrol against Adults Rhipicephalus turanicus (Acari: Ixodidae)","volume":"193","author":"Koc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2010.10.021","article-title":"Variability in Essential Oil Content and Composition of Origanum hirtum L., Origanum onites L., Coridothymus capitatus (L.) and Satureja thymbra L. Populations from the Greek Island Ikaria","volume":"33","author":"Economou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"118","article-title":"Analyse Chimique et Activit\u00e9 Antibact\u00e9rienne Des Huiles Essentielles Des Trois Esp\u00e8ces de Thymus: Thymus zygis, T. Algeriensis et T. Bleicherianus","volume":"83","author":"Zayyad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 R. Sci. Li\u00e8ge"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.13171\/mjc.3.1.2014.01.04.18","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Thymus zygis Subsp. Gracilis (Boiss.) R. Morales Essential Oils from Morocco","volume":"3","author":"Yakoubi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1993.9698169","article-title":"Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Thymus broussonettii, T. Zygis and T. Satureioides","volume":"5","author":"Lattaoui","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(02)00119-X","article-title":"GC\/MS Evaluation of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Oil Composition and Variations during the Vegetative Cycle","volume":"29","author":"Hudaib","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2006.06.011","article-title":"Seasonal Variation of Thymus hyemalis Lange and Spanish Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oils Composition","volume":"24","author":"Jordan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"2880","article-title":"Etude de la composition chimique de l\u2019huile essentielle d\u2019une end\u00e9mique Ib\u00e9ro-marocaine: Origanum compactum (Benth.)","volume":"19","author":"Belkamel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1563","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Origanum compactum Essential Oil","volume":"7","author":"Bouhdid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2908","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Artemisia herba-alba Asso., Mentha pulegium L. and Origanum compactum Benth","volume":"5","author":"Sbayou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Essent. Oils"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1972","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Six Portuguese Thyme Species Essential Oils","volume":"25","author":"Dandlen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Flavour Fragr. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s10298-011-0625-6","article-title":"Composition chimique, activit\u00e9 antimicrobiennne et antioxydante de l\u2019huile essentielle de Thymus zygis du Maroc","volume":"9","author":"Amarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytoth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mijalli, S.H., Mrabti, N.N., Ouassou, H., Sheikh, R.A., Assaggaf, H., Bakrim, S., Abdallah, E.M., Alshahrani, M.M., Al Awadh, A.A., and Lee, L.-H. (2022). Chemical Composition and Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Origanum compactum Benth Essential Oils from Two Regions: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence and In Silico Molecular Investigations. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217329"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.54172\/mjsc.v35i3.271","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity- Synergistic Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol","volume":"35","author":"Alsagheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Al-Mukhtar J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00665-0","article-title":"Antioxidant Properties of Thymol, Carvacrol, and Thymoquinone and Its Efficiencies on the Stabilization of Refined and Stripped Corn Oils","volume":"15","author":"Yildiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Meas."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2011.00156.x","article-title":"Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Compounds, Mechanisms of Action, and Potential Applications","volume":"10","author":"Brewer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.201200041","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anticandidal Activities of Essential Oils from Different Wild Moroccan Thymus Species","volume":"9","author":"Jamali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miguel, M.G., Dandlen, S.A., Figueiredo, A.C., Pedro, L.G., Barroso, J.G., and Marques, M.H. (2010, January 26\u201328). Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activities of thymol and carvacrol and the corresponding \u03b2-cyclodextrin complexes. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-SIPAM2009 853, Djerba, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2010.853.44"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1628710","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1628710","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Aromatic Plants Cultivated in Morocco (Cinnamomum cassia and Origanum compactum)","volume":"2020","author":"Chahbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ballester-Costa, C., Sendra, E., Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, J., P\u00e9rez-\u00c1lvarez, J.A., and Viuda-Martos, M. (2017). Assessment of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties on Meat Homogenates of Essential Oils Obtained from Four Thymus Species Achieved from Organic Growth. Foods, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6080059"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.07.063","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils Obtained from Wild and Cultivated Moroccan Thymus Species","volume":"43","author":"Jamali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.05.016","article-title":"Phenological Changes to the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil from Moroccan Endemic Thyme (Thymus maroccanus Ball)","volume":"49","author":"Jamali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6300","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070094x","article-title":"Interaction of Four Monoterpenes Contained in Essential Oils with Model Membranes: Implications for Their Antibacterial Activity","volume":"55","author":"Cristani","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.4.1561-1568.2002","article-title":"The Phenolic Hydroxyl Group of Carvacrol Is Essential for Action against the Food-Borne Pathogen Bacillus cereus","volume":"68","author":"Ultee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4606","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.10.4606-4610.1999","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Carvacrol on the Food-Borne Pathogen Bacillus cereus","volume":"65","author":"Ultee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, R.G. (2007). Flavours and Fragrances: Chemistry, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49339-6"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200800170","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav","volume":"6","author":"Zuzarte","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieto, G. (2020). A Review on Applications and Uses of Thymus in the Food Industry. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9080961"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/10412905.1989.9697767","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Essential Oil Components","volume":"1","author":"Knobloch","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Res."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Tabanca, N., K\u0131r\u0131mer, N., Demirci, B., Demirci, F., and Ba\u015fer, K.H.C. (2018, May 19). Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Micromeria cristata Subsp. Phrygia and the Enantiomeric Distribution of Borneol. Available online: https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1021\/jf0105034."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"229","article-title":"Gas Chromatographic Characterization of Organic Substances in the Retention Index System","volume":"1","author":"Kovats","year":"1965","journal-title":"Adv. Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Adams, R.P. (2007). Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry, Allured Publishing Corporation. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03703.x","article-title":"EUCAST Expert Rules in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","volume":"19","author":"Leclercq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"133","article-title":"Comit\u00e9 de l\u2019antibiogramme de La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Fran\u00e7aise de Microbiologie","volume":"19","author":"Bonnet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Recommandations"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/2\/139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:52:12Z","timestamp":1760104332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/2\/139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13020139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13020139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]}}}