{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:27:08Z","timestamp":1791664028587,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem, due to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The misuse of antimicrobials is the main cause of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this study was to report antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in a secondary care hospital in Mexico. Methods: Within a cross-sectional study, antimicrobial resistance data on ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) and antibiotic consumption from 2020 to 2022 were collected. Antimicrobial resistance was reported based on percentages of resistance and consumption was analyzed using the defined daily dose (DDD)\/100 bed days and the AWaRe (Access, Surveillance, Reservation) antibiotic group. Results: Antibiotic consumption in 2020, 2021 and 2022 was 330, 175 and 175 DDD\/100 beds day, respectively. The rate of ceftriaxone resistance in E. coli (n = 526) and K. pneumoniae (n = 80) was 76% and 69%, respectively, the rate of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii (n = 168) and P. aeruginosa (n = 108) was 92% and 52%, respectively; the rate of oxacillin resistance in S. aureus (n = 208) was 27%; and the rate of vancomycin resistance in E. faecium (n = 68) was 47%. Conclusion: The reported results are congruent with global estimates of antibiotic resistance and consumption, providing an overview that could generate actions for antimicrobial optimization at the local and regional levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance and Antibiotic Consumption in a Secondary Care Hospital in Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elda Carolina","family":"D\u00e1vila-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Departament, Hospital General Regional 251, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec 52148, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0094-1308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Guadalupe","family":"Berumen-Lechuga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Coordination, \u00d3rgano de Operaci\u00f3n Administrativa Desconcentrada Regional Mexico Poniente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Toluca 50000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5743-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Jos\u00e9","family":"Molina-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Coordination, Hospital General de Zona 252, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Atlacomulco 50454, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo Norberto","family":"Jimenez-Juarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Departament, Federico G\u00f3mez Children\u2019s Hospital of Mexico, Mexico City 06720, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8848-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Lea\u00f1os-Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Unidad de Investigaci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica en Medicina Reproductiva, UMAE Hospital de Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia 4 \u201cDr. Luis Castelazo Ayala\u201d, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City 01090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natali","family":"Robles-Ordo\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital para el Ni\u00f1o, Instituto Materno Infantil del Estado de Mexico, Toluca 50170, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Pe\u00f1a-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory Department, Hospital de Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia 221, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Toluca 50150, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9476-7936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"German Alberto","family":"Venegas-Esquivel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Hospital General Regional 251, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Metepec 52148, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.21149\/10543","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic consumption in Mexican hospitals","volume":"62","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Salud P\u00fablica Mex."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats","volume":"40","author":"Ventola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. 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