{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:29Z","timestamp":1760143529938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro","award":["FONDEC-UAQ-2022","FOPES 2023","FOPER-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FONDEC-UAQ-2022","FOPES 2023","FOPER-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chili powder is an important condiment around the world. However, according to various reports, the presence of pathogenic microorganisms could present a public health risk factor during its consumption. Therefore, microbiological quality assessment is required to understand key microbial functional traits, such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and bioinformatics analysis were used to characterize the comprehensive profiles of the bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in 15 chili powder samples from different regions of Mexico. The initial bacterial load showed aerobic mesophilic bacteria (AMB) ranging between 6 \u00d7 103 and 7 \u00d7 108 CFU\/g, sporulated mesophilic bacteria (SMB) from 4.3 \u00d7 103 to 2 \u00d7 109 CFU\/g, and enterobacteria (En) from &lt;100 to 2.3 \u00d7 106 CFU\/g. The most representative families in the samples were Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae, in which 18 potential pathogen-associated species were detected. In total, the resistome profile in the chili powder contained 68 unique genes, which conferred antibiotic resistance distributed in 13 different classes. Among the main classes of antibiotic resistance genes with a high abundance in almost all the samples were those related to multidrug, tetracycline, beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, and phenicol resistance. Our findings reveal the utility of mNGS in elucidating microbiological quality in chili powder to reduce the public health risks and the spread of potential pathogens with antibiotic resistance mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13020182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T04:09:21Z","timestamp":1707797361000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Study of Resistome in Mexican Chili Powder as a Public Health Risk Factor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mayra Paola","family":"Mena Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Merle Ariadna","family":"Espinosa Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1565-1108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Alvarado Osuna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Asistencia en Tecnolog\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o del Estado de Jalisco, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Ramos L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6520-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Amaro Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7514-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackeline Lizzeta","family":"Arvizu G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Centro Nayarita de Innovaci\u00f3n y Transferencia de Tecnolog\u00eda (CENITT), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nayarit, Tepic 63173, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan Ramiro","family":"Pacheco Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8178-7911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Salda\u00f1a Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Av. De las Ciencias S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76220, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"P\u00e9rez Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4532-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Alberto","family":"Rodr\u00edguez Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9504-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Carlota","family":"Garc\u00eda Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"\u00c1lvarez Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Nu\u00f1ez Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6331-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato 36824, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7117-6781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Campos Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro, Cerro de las Campanas S\/N, Quer\u00e9taro 76010, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.047","article-title":"Industrial use of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) derived products: Technological benefits and biological advantages","volume":"274","author":"Baenas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2023, October 02). 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