{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:30:48Z","timestamp":1788813048030,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a prominent entity within human infectious diseases which cause chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric malignancies, and extragastric disorders. Its persistent colonization can lead to a systemic inflammatory cascade, potentially instigating autoimmune responses and contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. While the specific etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) is still unknown, it is widely recognized that immunological, genetic, and environmental factors are implicated. Various bacterial and viral pathogens have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBDs. Numerous studies suggest a correlation between H. pylori infection and IBDs. While subject to debate, this link suggests that the bacterium\u2019s presence somehow impacts the progression of IBDs by modifying the diversity of the gut microbiota, consequently altering local chemical profiles and disrupting the pattern of gut immune response. However, epidemiological evidence indicates a protective role of H. pylori infection against the onset of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, laboratory findings demonstrate H. pylori\u2019s capacity to promote immune tolerance and restrict inflammatory reactions. The aim of this review is to elucidate the proposed mechanisms and confounding factors that underlie the potential association between H. pylori infection and IBDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13030267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,18]],"date-time":"2024-03-18T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1710738847000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Helicobacter pylori in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Active Protagonist or Innocent Bystander?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bretto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Frara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-4445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Armandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0529-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Paolo","family":"Caviglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giorgio Maria","family":"Saracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0502-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Bugianesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demis","family":"Pitoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide Giuseppe","family":"Ribaldone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino-Molinette Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.04.022","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"153","author":"Hooi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15770","article-title":"Systematic Review: Gastrointestinal Infection and Incident Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"51","author":"Axelrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. 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