{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:49:15Z","timestamp":1793746155550,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Increasing the impact of excellence research on the capacity for innovation and technology transfer within USV Timisoara","award":["6 PFE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6 PFE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Streptococci are a type of bacteria that can cause severe illnesses in humans and animals. Some typical species like S. suis, or atypical species like S. porcinus and, S. dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae, can cause infections like septicemia, meningitis, endocarditis, arthritis, and septic shock. S. suis is considered a newly emerging zoonotic pathogen. Although human streptococcal infection outbreaks are rare, it is appropriate to review the main streptococcal species isolated in pig farms in western Romania, due to the high degree of antibiotic resistance among most isolates commonly used in human treatment. This study examines the resistance patterns of these isolates over 5 years (2018\u20132023). The research investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility of 267 strains of Streptococcus spp. isolated from pigs, primarily from lung and brain tissues. This report is the first to describe the distribution of atypical Streptococcus species (SDSE, S. porcinus, S. hyovaginalis, S. pluranimalium, S. canis) in Romania, as well as the antibiotic resistance profile of these potentially zoonotic species. It is important to re-evaluate and consider the high rates of resistance of S. suis to tetracyclines, lincosamides, macrolides, and aminoglycosides, as well as the high recovery rates of S. suis from the lungs and brain when treating swine diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13030277","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Multiple Drug Resistant Streptococcus Strains\u2014An Actual Problem in Pig Farms in Western Romania"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Luminita","family":"Costinar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corina","family":"Badea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9581-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adela","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Production Engineering, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Recourses, University of Life Science \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina","family":"Pascu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7118-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viorel","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300645 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Epidemiology and pathogenicity of zoonotic streptococci","volume":"368","author":"Fulde","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/85651","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: A re-emerging pathogen associated with occupational exposure to pigs or pork products. Part II\u2014Pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Dutkiewicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12040589","article-title":"Epidemiological and Clinical Features of Streptococcus dysgalactiae ssp. equisimilis stG62647 and Other emm Types in Germany","volume":"12","author":"Itzek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.2.313","article-title":"Pathologic and molecular characterization of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis infection in neonatal piglets","volume":"19","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-014-2092-0","article-title":"Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis  bacteremia: An emerging infection","volume":"33","author":"Rantala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4592","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4592-4601.2005","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Streptococcus porcinus isolated from human sources","volume":"43","author":"Duarte","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"177","article-title":"Emerging pathogens in the central nervous system: A cerebral abscess by Streptococcus porcinus","volume":"16","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Univ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.2.385-388.1995","article-title":"Identification of Streptococcus porcinus from human sources","volume":"33","author":"Facklam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.05.007","article-title":"Phenotypic characterisation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis of veterinary isolates of Streptococcus pluranimalium","volume":"192","author":"Twomey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2014.11.029","article-title":"Streptococcus pluranimalium: A novel human pathogen?","volume":"5","author":"Aryasinghe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"422","article-title":"Streptococcus canis sp. nov.: A Species of Group G Streptococci from Animals","volume":"36","author":"Devriese","year":"1986","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103868","article-title":"Biotypes and scm types of isolates of Streptococcus canis from diseased and healthy cats","volume":"180","author":"Timoney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.07.013","article-title":"First reported human case of native mitral infective endocarditis caused by Streptococcus canis","volume":"30","author":"Amsallem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2010.05.001","article-title":"Aerobic bacteria from mucous membranes, ear canals, and skin wounds of feral cats in Grenada, and the antimicrobial drug susceptibility of major isolates","volume":"34","author":"Hariharan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.3.1374-1382.2000","article-title":"Genetic relationships between clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus mitis: Characterization of \u201cAtypical\u201d pneumococci and organisms allied to S. mitis harboring S. pneumoniae virulence factor-encoding genes","volume":"68","author":"Whatmore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.3.777-779.1997","article-title":"Septicemia caused by Streptococcus canis in a human","volume":"35","author":"Bert","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2019.10.019","article-title":"One Health and Streptococcus canis in the Emergency Department: A Case of Cellulitis and Bacteremia in an Immunocompromised Patient Treated with Etanercept","volume":"58","author":"Lederman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.13-0526","article-title":"Systemic Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis infection in a Yorkshire pig with severe disseminated suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis","volume":"76","author":"Kasuya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6390","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01157-16","article-title":"Characterization of Spectinomycin Resistance in Streptococcus suis Leads to Two Novel Insights into Drug Resistance Formation and Dissemination Mechanism","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1991.tb03821.x","article-title":"Streptococcal ecovars associated with different animal species: Epidemiological significance of serogroups and biotypes","volume":"71","author":"Devriese","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segura, M., Aragon, V., Brockmeier, S.L., Gebhart, C., Greeff, A., Kerdsin, A., O\u2019Dea, M.A., Okura, M., Sal\u00e9ry, M., and Schultsz, C. (2020). Update on Streptococcus suis Research and Prevention in the Era of Antimicrobial Restriction: 4th International Workshop on S. suis. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050374"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"14","article-title":"Detection and molecular typing of Streptococcus suis in tonsils from live pigs in France","volume":"71","author":"Marois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"57","article-title":"A Screening of mortality evolution in 49 pig farms in Western Romania","volume":"31","author":"Doma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Rom. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J., Karriker, L., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K., and Stevenson, G. (2012). Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.1994.tb03040.x","article-title":"Identification and composition of the streptococcal and enterococcal flora of tonsils, intestines and faeces of pigs","volume":"77","author":"Devriese","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02666-0","article-title":"rDNA sequence analyses of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis isolates from pigs","volume":"53","author":"Kawata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costinar, L., Herman, V., Pitoiu, E., Iancu, I., Degi, J., Hulea, A., and Pascu, C. (2022). Boar Semen Contamination: Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010043"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1086\/605085","article-title":"Human Infections Due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis","volume":"49","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"115","article-title":"Characterisation of some Streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs","volume":"XL","author":"Herman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lucr. \u015et. Med. Vet. Timi\u015f."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzhammer, R., Loncaric, I., Ladst\u00e4tter, M., Pinior, B., Roch, F.-F., Spergser, J., Ladinig, A., and Unterweger, C. (2020). Detection of Various Streptococcus spp. and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Clinical Specimens from Austrian Swine Stocks. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120893"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"157","article-title":"Investigation concerning proliferative enteropathies in swine","volume":"XL","author":"Pascu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lucr. \u015et. Med. Vet. Timi\u015f."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., Stevenson, G.W., and Zhang, J. (2019). Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. [11th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.l1859","article-title":"Aggressive skin lesions in pigs","volume":"184","author":"Staton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Numberger, D., Siebert, U., Fulde, M., and Valentin-Weigand, P. (2021). Streptococcal Infections in Marine Mammals. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020350"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12951","article-title":"Cross-sectional risk assessment of zoonotic Streptococcus suis in pork and swine blood in Nakhon Sawan Province in northern Thailand","volume":"69","author":"Khantasup","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Fotoglidis, A., Pagourelias, E., Kyriakou, P., and Vassilikos, V. (2015). Endocarditis caused by unusual Streptococcus species (Streptococcus pluranimalium). Hippokratia., 182."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Guo, H., Bai, Y., Li, T., Xu, R., Sun, T., Lu, J., and Song, Q. (2020). Isolation and characteristics of multi-drug resistant Streptococcus porcinus from the vaginal secretions of sow with endometritis. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02365-9"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"31","article-title":"Phenotypic characterizations and antimicrobials resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from pigs from fattening farms","volume":"31","author":"Costinar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Rom. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"99","article-title":"A Microbiological study of polyarthritis in slaughter pigs","volume":"53","author":"Turner","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., An, H., Fu, T., Zhao, S., Zhang, C., Xiao, G., Zhang, J., Zhao, X., and Hu, G. (2018). Characterization of Streptococcus pluranimalium from a cattle with mastitis by whole genome sequencing and functional validation. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1327-0"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2017.10.067","article-title":"RE: \u2018Streptococcus pluranimalium: A novel human pathogen?\u2019","volume":"41","author":"Pongratz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2374","article-title":"The first report of Streptococcus pluranimalium infection from Iran: A case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Ghazvini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.07.045","article-title":"Molecular and antimicrobial susceptibility profiling of atypical Streptococcus species from porcine clinical specimens","volume":"44","author":"Moreno","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richards, V.P., Zadoks, R.N., Pavinski Bitar, P.D., Lef\u00e9bure, T., Lang, P., Werner, B., Tikofsky, L., Moroni, P., and Stanhope, M.J. (2012). Genome characterization and population genetic structure of the zoonotic pathogen, Streptococcus canis. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-293"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2006.12.013","article-title":"Streptococcus canis infections in humans: Retrospective study of 54 patients","volume":"55","author":"Cazorla","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12905","article-title":"Human native endocarditis caused by Streptococcus canis\u2014A case report","volume":"127","author":"Malisova","year":"2019","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagnossin, D., Smith, A., Oravcov\u00e1, K., and Weir, W. (2022). Streptococcus canis, the underdog of the genus. Vet. Microbiol., 273.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109524"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72949-0","article-title":"Cross-infection between cats and cows: Origin and control of Streptococcus canis mastitis in a dairy herd, J","volume":"88","author":"Tikofsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eibl, C., Baumgartner, M., Urbantke, V., Sigmund, M., Lichtmannsperger, K., Wittek, T., and Spergser, J. (2021). An outbreak of subclinical mastitis in a dairy herd caused by a novel Streptococcus canis sequence type (st55). Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020550"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000483","article-title":"Potentially hazardous Streptococcus suis strains latent in asymptomatic pigs in a major swine production area of Thailand","volume":"66","author":"Meekhanon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"279","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolated from clinically healthy swine in Brazil","volume":"74","author":"Soares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2023, November 20). Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases (europa.eu). Available online: https:\/\/atlas.ecdc.europa.eu\/public\/index.aspx?Dataset=27&HealthTopic=4."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmieri, C., Varaldo, P.E., and Facinelli, B. (2011). Streptococcus suis, an Emerging Drug-Resistant Animal and Human Pathogen. Front. Microbiol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00235"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600308","article-title":"Streptococcus suis infection in swine: A retrospective study of 256 cases. Part II. Clinical signs, gross and microscopic lesions, and coexisting microorganisms","volume":"6","author":"Reams","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2015.06.011","article-title":"Emergence of Streptococcus suis serotype 9 infection in humans","volume":"50","author":"Kerdsin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"106","article-title":"Microbiological identification and analysis of swine tonsils collected from carcasses at slaughter","volume":"75","author":"Friendship","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yongkiettrakul, S., Maneerat, K., Arechanajan, B., Malila, Y., Srimanote, P., Gottschalk, M., and Visessanguan, W. (2019). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs, asymptomatic pigs, and human patients in Thailand. BMC Vet. Res., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1732-5"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01771.x","article-title":"An Australian case of Streptococcus suis toxic shock syndrome associated with occupational exposure to animal carcasses","volume":"188","author":"Tramontana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.165-169","article-title":"Contamination of Streptococcus suis in pork and edible pig organs in central Thailand","volume":"12","author":"Boonyong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.08.006","article-title":"Streptococcus suis in retail markets: How prevalent is it in raw pork?","volume":"127","author":"Kin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kerdsin, A., Takeuchi, D., Nuangmek, A., Akeda, Y., Gottschalk, M., and Oishi, K. (2020). Genotypic Comparison between Streptococcus suis Isolated from Pigs and Humans in Thailand. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9010050"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.10.010","article-title":"Examination of Australian Streptococcus suis isolates from clinically affected pigs in a global context and the genomic characterization of ST1 as a predictor of virulence","volume":"226","author":"Laird","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1086\/596763","article-title":"Streptococcus suis: An emerging human pathogen","volume":"48","author":"Wertheim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., Song, L., Fan, X., Wen, F., Xu, S., and Ning, Y. (2015). Antimicrobial Resistance Profile and Genotypic Characteristics of Streptococcus suis Capsular Type 2 Isolated from Clinical Carrier Sows and Diseased Pigs in China. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/284303"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02188-07","article-title":"Genetic features of clinical isolates of Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis possessing Lancefield\u2019s group A antigen","volume":"46","author":"Tanaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.008","article-title":"Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to detect Streptococcus suis and its application to retail pork meat in Japan","volume":"208","author":"Arai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0131","article-title":"Clinical resistance and decreased susceptibility in Streptococcus suis isolates from clinically healthy fattening pigs","volume":"19","author":"Callens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Drug. Resist."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.06.002","article-title":"Patterns of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus suis isolates from pigs with or without streptococcal disease in England between 2009 and 2014","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imre, K., Ban-Cucerzan, A., Herman, V., Sallam, K.I., Cristina, R.T., Abd-Elghany, S.M., Morar, D., Popa, S.A., Imre, M., and Morar, A. (2022). Occurrence, Pathogenic Potential and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk Cheese Commercialized in Banat Region, Romania. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060721"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewulf, J., Joosten, P., Chatziaras, I., Bernaerdt, E., Vanderhaeghen, W., Postma, M., and Maes, D. (2022). Antibiotic use in European pig production: Less is more. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111493"},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"(2022, April 14). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100Ed33 33rd Edition. Available online: https:\/\/clsi.org\/standards\/products\/microbiology\/documents\/m100\/."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.46.1.165-170.1983","article-title":"Multiple antibiotic resistance indexing of Escherichia coli to identify high-risk sources of fecal contamination of foods","volume":"46","author":"Krumperman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/3\/277\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:03Z","timestamp":1760105763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/3\/277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13030277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13030277","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]}}}