{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T19:44:58Z","timestamp":1793130298311,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After pulp infection and necrosis, the passage of microbial antigens into the periapical space causes apical periodontitis (AP). Most of the clinical forms of AP can be managed without prescribing antibiotics, only with root canal treatment and abscess drainage or, where appropriate, tooth extraction. However, the scientific literature provides evidence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions by dentists in the management of apical disease. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the global pattern of antibiotic prescription in the treatment of apical disease. Methods: PRISMA Guidelines were followed to carry out this systematic review. The research question was as follows: What is the pattern of antibiotic prescription by dentists in the treatment of the different clinical forms of apical periodontitis? A systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE\/PubMed, Wiley Online Database, Web of Science and Scopus. All studies reporting data about the pattern of antibiotic prescription by dentists in the treatment of apical disease were included. The meta-analyses were calculated using the Open Meta Analyst version 10.10 software. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale. The certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: The search strategy identified 96 articles and thirty-nine cross-sectional studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The overall percentage of antibiotic prescriptions by dentists in cases of symptomatic AP was 25.8%, and 31.5% in cases of asymptomatic AP with sinus tract present. The percentage of dentists prescribing antibiotics in cases of acute apical abscess with no\/mild symptoms was 47.7%, whereas, in cases of acute apical abscess with moderate\/severe symptoms, 88.8% of dentists would prescribe antibiotics. Endodontists prescribe antibiotics at a lower rate than general practitioners. The total risk of bias was considered moderate, and the final rating for the certainty of the evidence was low. Conclusions: Dentists worldwide are over-prescribing antibiotics in the management of apical disease. It is necessary to improve antibiotic prescribing habits in the treatment of endodontic infections, as well as educational initiatives to encourage the rational and appropriate prescription of antibiotics in periapical diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T10:03:59Z","timestamp":1711101839000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Antibiotic Over-Prescription by Dentists in the Treatment of Apical Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juan A.","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Mill\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology (Endodontic Section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Le\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology (Endodontic Section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenifer","family":"Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology (Endodontic Section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Sa\u00faco-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology (Endodontic Section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9978-6458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Cabanillas-Balsera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology (Endodontic Section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0427-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Segura-Egea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology (Endodontic Section), School of Dentistry, University of Sevilla, C\/Avicena s\/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500604","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Apical Periodontitis and the Causes of Endodontic Failures","volume":"15","author":"Nair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit. 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