{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:21:47Z","timestamp":1790882507768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marcus Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research Northwestern Awards","award":["1237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1237"]}]},{"name":"Ben Gurion University of the Negev Kreitman School fellowship","award":["1237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1237"]}]},{"name":"Israel Ministry of Immigration and Absorption fellowship","award":["1237"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1237"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Microorganisms carrying antimicrobial resistance genes are often found in greywater. As the reuse of greywater becomes increasingly needed, it is imperative to determine how greywater treatment impacts antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). Using qPCR and SmartChip\u2122 qPCR, we characterized ARG patterns in greywater microbial communities before, during, and after treatment by a recirculating vertical flow constructed wetland. In parallel, we examined the impact of greywater-treated irrigation on soil, including the occurrence of emerging micropollutants and the taxonomic and ARG compositions of microbial communities. Most ARGs in raw greywater are removed efficiently during the winter season, while some ARGs in the effluents increase in summer. SmartChip\u2122 qPCR revealed the presence of ARGs, such as tetracycline and beta-lactam resistance genes, in both raw and treated greywater, but most abundantly in the filter bed. It also showed that aminoglycoside and vancomycin gene abundances significantly increased after treatment. In the irrigated soil, the type of water (potable or treated greywater) had no specific impact on the total bacterial abundance (16S rRNA gene). No overlapping ARGs were found between treated greywater and greywater-irrigated soil. This study indicates ARG abundance and richness increased after treatment, possibly due to the concentration effects of the filter beds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:39:37Z","timestamp":1711892377000},"page":"315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Heterogeneous Antibiotic Resistance Gene Removal Impedes Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands for Effective Greywater Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6923-6685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniella","family":"Itzhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba 8499000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0312-6077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weitao","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0966-2014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica M.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"},{"name":"Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8399-4295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeev","family":"Ronen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba 8499000, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135148","article-title":"Antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria\/genes in urban wastewater: A comparison of their fate in conventional treatment systems and constructed wetlands","volume":"303","author":"Hazra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2019.10.006","article-title":"Role of wastewater treatment plants on environmental abundance of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Chilean rivers","volume":"223","author":"Bueno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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