{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:04:43Z","timestamp":1791378283226,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qatar National Research Fund","award":["NPRP12S-0219-190109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NPRP12S-0219-190109"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a global healthcare threat with significant clinical and economic consequences peaking at secondary and tertiary care hospitals where multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDR GNB) lead to poor outcomes. A prospective study was conducted between January and December 2019 for all invasive bloodstream infections (BSIs) secondary to MDR GNB in Qatar identified during routine microbiological service to examine their clinical, microbiological, and genomic characteristics. Out of 3238 episodes of GNB BSIs, the prevalence of MDR GNB was 13% (429\/3238). The predominant MDR pathogens were Escherichia coli (62.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.4%), Salmonella species (6.6%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.3%), while out of 245 clinically evaluated patients, the majority were adult males, with the elderly constituting almost one-third of the cohort and with highest observed risk for prolonged hospital stays. The risk factors identified included multiple comorbidities, recent healthcare contact, previous antimicrobial therapy, and admission to critical care. The in-hospital mortality rate was recorded at 25.7%, associated with multiple comorbidities, admission to critical care, and the acquisition of MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Resistant pathogens demonstrated high levels of antimicrobial resistance but noticeable susceptibility to amikacin and carbapenems. Genomic analysis revealed that Escherichia coli ST131 and Salmonella\u00a0enterica ST1 were the predominant clones not observed with other pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13040320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]],"date-time":"2024-03-31T13:39:37Z","timestamp":1711892377000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Epidemiology, Clinical, and Microbiological Characteristics of Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteremia in Qatar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8647-1695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamad","family":"Abdel Hadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soha R.","family":"Dargham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faiha","family":"Eltayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed O. K.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Health Truman Medical Centre, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinan","family":"Suliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiema Abdalla M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5309-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali S.","family":"Omrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Centre, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad Bashir","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clement K. M.","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore 308442, Singapore"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9125-1889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sini","family":"Skariah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2019.05.024","article-title":"Global economic impact of antibiotic resistance: A review","volume":"19","author":"Ahmad","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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