{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:13:51Z","timestamp":1777702431561,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University VC Scholarship Scheme"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Escherichia\u00a0coli is listed as a priority 1 pathogen on the World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogen list. For this list of pathogens, new antibiotics are urgently needed to control the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant strains. This study assessed eighteen metal ions, graphene, and graphene oxide for their antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli in both planktonic and biofilm growth states and the potential synergy between metal ions and graphene-based compounds. Molybdenum and tin ions exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activity against the planktonic states of the isolates with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging between 13 mg\/L and 15.6 mg\/L. Graphene oxide had no antimicrobial effect against any of the isolates, while graphene showed a moderate effect against E. coli (MIC, 62.5 mg\/L). Combinations of metal ions and graphene-based compounds including tin\u2013graphene, tin\u2013graphene oxide, gold\u2013graphene, platinum\u2013graphene, and platinum\u2013graphene oxide exhibited a synergistic antimicrobial effect (FIC \u2264 0.5), inhibiting the planktonic and biofilm formation of the isolates regardless of their antibiotic-resistant profiles. The bactericidal effect of the metal ions and the synergistic effects when combined with graphene\/graphene oxide against medically relevant pathogens demonstrated that the antimicrobial efficacy was increased. Hence, such agents may potentially be used in the production of novel antimicrobial\/antiseptic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1713930991000},"page":"381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Remains Susceptible to Metal Ions and Graphene-Based Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Karaky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiying","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology at Interfaces Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parameshwari","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Tiruchirappalli Campus, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2440-9316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5255-5425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew J.","family":"McBain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig E.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-6686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology at Interfaces Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester M1 5GD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S234610","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Implications and costs","volume":"12","author":"Dadgostar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. 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