{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:18:16Z","timestamp":1789690696209,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food Sovereignty and Forests (MISAF)","award":["2015.99.42203.5924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015.99.42203.5924"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterococci are part of the natural flora of the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, including humans, birds and invertebrates. They can cause infection, mainly among hospitalized patients, as well as acquire and transfer antimicrobial resistance genes. The present study allowed the isolation of 98 Enterococcus (73.47% E. faecium, 23.47% E. faecalis, 3.06% E. avium) strains from 120-day-old healthy chickens that had never been treated with antimicrobials. Their antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method; high-level aminoglycoside (streptomycin and gentamicin) and vancomycin resistance were established using the microbroth dilution method. The highest percentages of resistant isolates were detected with quinupristin\u2013dalfopristin (88.78%), rifampicin (64.29%), tetracyclines (45.92%), and enrofloxacin (41.84%). High percentages of susceptible strains were found with teicoplanin (100%), amoxicillin\u2013clavulanic acid (97.96%), nitrofurantoin (94.90%), ampicillin (92.86%), chloramphenicol (90.82%), and linezolid (88.78%). About 60% of the strains were classified as MDR (multidrug-resistant). Moreover, PCR was carried out to investigate genes encoding for tetracyclines resistance determinants: tet(M), tet(L), tet(O), tet(K), and Int-Tn. Genes were detected in 68 (69.38%) strains: 36 were shown to be resistant with the agar disk diffusion method, while 28 were intermediate, and 2 were susceptible. The present study showed that chickens never treated with antimicrobials potentially harbor enterococci having phenotypic and genotypic characters of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T08:59:39Z","timestamp":1714553979000},"page":"417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Healthy Chickens Never Exposed to Antimicrobial Agents in Central Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8198-5865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Cagnoli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Di Paolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5292-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bertelloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center \u201cNutraceuticals and Food for Health\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Salvucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3289-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Buccioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1739-5470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Marzoni Fecia di Cossato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center \u201cNutraceuticals and Food for Health\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina Virginia","family":"Ebani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Interdepartmental Research Center \u201cNutraceuticals and Food for Health\u201d, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.20.0156","article-title":"Bovine mastitis: Risk factors, therapeutic strategies, and alternative treatments\u2014A review","volume":"33","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15916","article-title":"Risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria in dogs: A retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Wood","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1637\/10253-052412-Case.1","article-title":"An outbreak and source investigation of enterococcal spondylitis in broilers caused by Enterococcus cecorum","volume":"56","author":"Robbins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2478\/v10181-012-0067-6","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis from diseased farm animals: Pigs, cattle and poultry","volume":"15","author":"Seputiene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.21282","article-title":"Intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms in enterococcus","volume":"3","author":"Hollenbeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Gilmore, M.S., Clewell, D.B., Ike, Y., and Shankar, N. (2014). Enterococci: From Commensals to Leading Causes of Drug Resistant Infection, Eye and Ear Infirmary."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00058-18","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: A Model of Adaptability to Its Environment","volume":"32","author":"Rice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03226.x","article-title":"Mobile genetics elements and their contribution to the emergence of antimicrobial resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium","volume":"16","author":"Hegstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzahrani, O.M., Fayez, M., Alswat, A.S., Alkafafy, M., Mahmoud, S.F., Al-Marri, T., Almuslem, A., Ashfaq, H., and Yusuf, S. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence Genes in Enterococcus Species from Small Backyard Chicken Flocks. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030380"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800261-2.00004-9","article-title":"Environmental and animal-associated enterococci","volume":"87","author":"Staley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagnoli, G., Bertelloni, F., Interrante, P., Ceccherelli, R., Marzoni, M., and Ebani, V.V. (2022). Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Wild Avifauna from Central Italy. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070852"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-14-322","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of enterococci isolated from organic and conventional retail chicken","volume":"78","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.171729","article-title":"Identification and prevalence of tetracycline resistance in enterococci isolated from poultry in Ilishan, Ogun State, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Ayeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.02.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of enterococci recovered from healthy cattle, pigs and chickens in nine EU countries (EASSA Study) to critically important antibiotics","volume":"216","author":"Simjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.611-621","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of commensal Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from food-producing animals in Russia","volume":"15","author":"Makarov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souillard, R., Laurentie, J., Kempf, I., Le Ca\u00ebr, V., Le Bouquin, S., Serror, P., and Allain, V. (2022). Increasing incidence of Enterococcus-associated diseases in poultry in France over the past 15 years. Vet. Microbiol., 269.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109426"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_17.1","unstructured":"EFSA AHAW Panel (EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare), Nielsen, S.S., Bicout, D.J., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J.A., Garin-Bastuji, B., Gonzales Rojas, J.L., Gort\u00e1zar, C., and Herskin, M. (2022). Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_17.2","unstructured":"(EU) No 2016\/429): Antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in poultry. EFSA J., 20, e07127."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1185771","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from laying hens of backyard poultry floks","volume":"22","author":"Bertelloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.6.2298-2299.2001","article-title":"High-frequency recovery of quinupristin-dalfopristin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates from the poultry production environment","volume":"39","author":"Hayes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamai, S., and Suzuki, Y. (2023). Diversity of Fecal Indicator Enterococci among Different Hosts: Importance to Water Contamination Source Tracking. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11122981"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(00)00130-9","article-title":"Comparison of antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and resistance genes in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium from humans in the community, broilers, and pigs in Denmark","volume":"37","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1637\/10928-090314-RegR","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Poultry Flocks in Germany","volume":"59","author":"Maasjost","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2016.016","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus strains isolated from poultry","volume":"64","author":"Marek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00201-6","article-title":"Resistance and virulence distribution in enterococci isolated from broilers reared in two farming systems","volume":"74","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-53-56","article-title":"Transmission and genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecalis among layer chickens during hatch","volume":"53","author":"Fertner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.49.161","article-title":"Susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis biofilm to antibiotics and calcium hydroxide","volume":"49","author":"Chai","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8033","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01545-10","article-title":"Distribution of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in Enterococcus spp. and characterization of isolates from broiler chickens","volume":"76","author":"Diarra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2019.20.e26","article-title":"Multiplex PCR analysis of virulence genes and their influence on antibiotic resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from broiler chicken","volume":"20","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg389","article-title":"Isolation of streptogramin-resistant Enterococcus faecium from human and non-human sources in a rural community","volume":"52","author":"Solway","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.03.008","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens with rifampicin for treatment of Enterococcus faecium in biofilms","volume":"44","author":"Holmberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168683","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology, phenotypic and genomic characterization of antibiotic-resistant enterococcal isolates from diverse farm animals in Xinjiang, China","volume":"912","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"678","article-title":"Detection of linezolid resistance due to the optrA gene in Enterococcus faecalis from poultry meat from the American continent (Colombia)","volume":"72","author":"Cavaco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.087","article-title":"Characteristics of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecalis isolates from broiler breeder farms","volume":"99","author":"Yoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2023, December 18). 19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015), Available online: https:\/\/www.iccp-portal.org\/system\/files\/resources\/EML2015_8-May-15.pdf."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.01.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance monitoring of commensal Enterococcus faecalis in broiler breeders","volume":"99","author":"Noh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bae, S.H., Yoon, S., Kim, K., Kim, Y.B., and Lee, Y.J. (2021). Comparative Analysis of Chloramphenicol-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolated from Dairy Companies in Korea. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8080143"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2006.02.004","article-title":"Characterisation and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes from enterococci isolated from food","volume":"30","author":"Hummel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tatsing Foka, F.E., and Ateba, C.N. (2019). Detection of Virulence Genes in Multidrug Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Feedlots Dairy and Beef Cattle: Implications for Human Health and Food Safety. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5921840"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"CDC (2023, September 10). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in The United States, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugresistance\/pdf\/threats-report\/2019-ar-threats-report-508.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"ECDC, and WHO Europe (2023, September 10). Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2022 (2020 Data), Available online: https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/ECDC-WHO-AMR-report.pdf."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2019.06.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in South Korea: A report from the Korean global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system (Kor-GLASS) for 2017","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Japan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (JANIS) (2023, December 18). Annual Open Report 2020 (All Facilities). CLSI 2012 Version. Clinical Laboratory Division 2021, Available online: https:\/\/janis.mhlw.go.jp\/english\/report\/open_report\/2020\/3\/1\/ken_Open_Report_Eng_202000_clsi2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkad079","article-title":"Teicoplanin and vancomycin as treatment for glycopeptide-susceptible Enterococcus faecium bacteraemia: A propensity score-adjusted non-inferior comparative study, J","volume":"78","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"51","article-title":"Dissemination and characteristics of high-level erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis from bulk tank milk of dairy companies in Korea","volume":"87","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2018.1489413","article-title":"Prevalence, characterization, and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from traditional cheeses in turkey","volume":"21","author":"Sanlibaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0032-2018","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. of animal origin","volume":"6","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2005.09.018","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and the mechanisms implicated in faecal enterococci from healthy humans, poultry and pets in Portugal","volume":"27","author":"Poeta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, J., Silva, V., Monteiro, A., Vieira-Pinto, M., Igrejas, G., Reis, F.S., Barros, L., and Poeta, P. (2023). Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers: A Review Focused on Enterococcus spp. and  Escherichia coli. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081362"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10031020","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. isolated from environmental samples in an area of intensive poultry production","volume":"10","author":"Furtula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manoil, D., Cerit, E.E., Fang, H., Durual, S., Brundin, M., and Belibasakis, G.N. (2024). Profiling Antibiotic Susceptibility among Distinct Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Dental Root Canals. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010018"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2844-2849.2003","article-title":"Presence of the tet(O) gene in erythromycin- and tetracycline-resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes and linkage with either the mef(A) or the erm(A) gene","volume":"47","author":"Giovanetti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.44.11.2979-2984.2000","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the tet(M) gene in tetracycline-resistant clonal lineages of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"44","author":"Doherty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wi\u015bniewski, P., Zakrzewski, A., Chaj\u0119cka-Wierzchowska, W., and Zadernowska, A. (2024). Possibility of transfer and activation of \u2018silent\u2019 tetracycline resistance genes among Enterococcus faecalis under high-pressure processing. Food Microbiol., 120.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104481"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, J., Dai, R., Yang, L., He, C., Xu, K., Liu, S., Zhao, W., Xiao, L., Luo, L., and Zhang, Y. (2017). Inheritance and Establishment of Gut Microbiota in Chickens. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01967"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2018). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests, 13th ed. (Standard No. CLSI M02)."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2023). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, 33rd ed. (Standard No. CLSI M100). CLSI Supplement M100."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"EUCAST (The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) (2023). Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs and Zone Diameters, Version 13.0, The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"(2018). Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically, 11th ed. (Standard No. CLSI Standard M07)."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: An international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.11.4798-4800.2005","article-title":"Multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of macrolide and tetracycline resistance determinants in streptococci","volume":"49","author":"Lammens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/5\/417\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:38:06Z","timestamp":1760107086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/5\/417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13050417"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13050417","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]}}}