{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:01:50Z","timestamp":1793314910179,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Simple low-cost, nontoxic, environmentally friendly plant-extract-based polymer films play an important role in their application in medicine, the food industry, and agriculture. The addition of silver nanoparticles to the composition of these films enhances their antimicrobial capabilities and makes them suitable for the treatment and prevention of infections. In this study, polymer-based gels and films (AgRonPVA) containing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced at room temperature from fresh red onion peel extract (\u201cRon\u201d), silver nitrate, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Silver nanoparticles were synthesized directly in a polymer matrix, which was irradiated by UV light. The presence of nanoparticles was approved by analyzing characteristic local surface plasmon resonance peaks occurring in UV-Vis absorbance spectra of irradiated experimental samples. The proof of evidence was supported by the results of XRD and EDX measurements. The diffusion-based method was applied to investigate the antimicrobial activity of several types of microbes located in the environment of the produced samples. Bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC BAA 747, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442; yeasts Candida parapsilosis CBS 8836 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028; and microscopic fungi assays Aspergillus flavus BTL G-33 and Aspergillus fumigatus BTL G-38 were used in this investigation. The greatest effect was observed on Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, defining these films as potential candidates for antimicrobial applications. The antimicrobial features of the films were less effective against fungi and the weakest against yeasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T06:28:12Z","timestamp":1715668092000},"page":"441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antimicrobial Properties of Newly Developed Silver-Enriched Red Onion\u2013Polymer Composites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8472-5521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judita","family":"Pui\u0161o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 Str. 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7032-827X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas","family":"\u017dvirg\u017edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Algimantas","family":"Pa\u0161kevi\u010dius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biodeterioration Research, Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Arslonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tashkent City Branch of Republican Specialized Scientific\u2014Practical Medical Centre of Oncology and Radiology, Boguston Str. 1, Tashkent P.O. Box 100070, Uzbekistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8683-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Adlien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kaunas University of Technology, Student\u0173 Str. 50, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.1106S","article-title":"Protection against Helicobacter pylori and other bacterial infections by garlic","volume":"131","author":"Sivam","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.4.564","article-title":"Plant products as antimicrobial agents","volume":"12","author":"Cowan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586548","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.586548","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Plants with Antibacterial Activities: A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Perspective","volume":"11","author":"Chassagne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2005.12.016","article-title":"The analysis of onion and garlic","volume":"1112","author":"Lanzotti","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.07.033","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from onion (Allium cepa L.)","volume":"30","author":"Ye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2003.12.002","article-title":"Antimutagenic, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate extracts from white, yellow and red onions","volume":"42","author":"Shon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.135","article-title":"Onion (Allium cepa L.) bioactives: Chemistry, pharmacotherapeutic functions, and industrial applications","volume":"3","author":"Sagar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1021\/jf060251c","article-title":"Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of quercetin oxidation products from yellow onion (Allium cepa) skin","volume":"54","author":"Ramos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"435","article-title":"Antioxidant, Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities of Red Onion (Allium cepa L) Skin and Edible Part Extracts","volume":"23","author":"Bezjak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2007.11.058","article-title":"Characterisation of onion (Allium cepa L.) by-products as food ingredients with antioxidant and antibrowning properties","volume":"108","author":"Cano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1039\/C6FO00251J","article-title":"Economical and environmentally-friendly approaches for usage of onion (Allium cepa L.) waste","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.123772","article-title":"Production of flavonol quercetin and fructooligosaccharides from onion (Allium cepa L.) waste: An environmental life cycle approach","volume":"392","author":"Santiago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celano, R., Docimo, T., Piccinelli, A.L., Gazzerro, P., Tucci, M., Di Sanzo, R., Carabetta, S., Campone, L., Russo, M., and Rastrelli, L. (2021). Onion Peel: Turning a Food Waste into a Resource. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020304"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, E., Gomes, D., Esteruelas, G., Bonilla, L., Lopez-Machado, A.L., Galindo, R., Cano, A., Espina, M., Ettcheto, M., and Camins, A. (2020). Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Antimicrobial Agents: An Overview. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10020292"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S246764","article-title":"The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry","volume":"15","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190708185506","article-title":"Synthesis of Silver nanoparticles and their biomedical applications\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"25","author":"Shanmuganathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crisan, C.M., Mocan, T., Manolea, M., Lasca, L.I., T\u0103b\u0103ran, F.-A., and Mocan, L. (2021). Review on Silver Nanoparticles as a Novel Class of Antibacterial Solutions. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11031120"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11051-010-9900-y","article-title":"A Review of the Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanomaterials and Potential Implications for Human Health and the Environment","volume":"12","author":"Hoek","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanoparticle Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15593258221088709","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258221088709","article-title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs), Structural Characterization, and their Antibacterial Potential","volume":"20","author":"Asif","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dose Response"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqi, K.S., Husen, A., and Rao, R.A.K. (2018). A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties. J. Nanobiotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0334-5"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8383","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-12484-y","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Eugenia roxburghii DC. extract and activity against biofilm-producing bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Giri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116295","article-title":"Green synthesis, characterization and applications of silver nanoparticle mediated by the aqueous extract of red onion peel","volume":"271","author":"Abdullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baran, M.F., Keskin, C., Baran, A., Hatipo\u011flu, A., Yildiztekin, M., K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckaydin, S., Kurt, K., Ho\u015fg\u00f6ren, H., Sarker, M.M.R., and Sufianov, A. (2023). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Allium cepa L. Peel Extract, Their Antioxidant, Antipathogenic, and Anticholinesterase Activity. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052310"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pui\u0161o, J., Pa\u0161kevi\u010dius, A., \u017dvirg\u017edas, J., Dimitrova, T.L., Litvakas, A., and Adliene, D. (2023). Application of Red Onion Peel Extract for Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles in Hydrogels Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties. Gels, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels9060498"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.progpolymsci.2015.02.004","article-title":"Advancing biomaterials of human origin for tissue engineering","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00512-8","article-title":"Bioactive potential of natural biomaterials: Identification, retention and assessment of biological properties","volume":"6","author":"Joyce","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2019.0256","article-title":"Engineering and functionalization of gelatin biomaterials: From cell culture to medical applications","volume":"26","author":"Bello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.05.109","article-title":"Ovine tendon collagen: Extraction, characterisation and fabrication of thin films for tissue engineering applications","volume":"68","author":"Fauzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulkiflee, I., and Fauzi, M.B. (2021). Gelatin-Polyvinyl Alcohol Film for Tissue Engineering: A Concise Review. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080979"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1080\/20014091091904","article-title":"Gelatin: A valuable protein for food and pharmaceutical industries","volume":"41","author":"Djagny","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-016-5763-9","article-title":"Evaluation of cell binding to collagen and gelatin: A study of the effect of 2D and 3D architecture and surface chemistry","volume":"27","author":"Davidenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-013-9886-x","article-title":"Development of gelatin based inorganic nanocomposite hydrogels for inactivation of bacteria","volume":"23","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandri, A., Nordin, A., Hwei, N.M., Chin, K.-Y., Abd Aziz, I., and Fauzi, M.B. (2020). Natural 3D-Printed Bioinks for Skin Regeneration and Wound Healing: A Systematic Review. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081782"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2007.00099.x","article-title":"Tissue engineering of blood vessel","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1055","article-title":"Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering","volume":"23","author":"Lutolf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-013-0584-0","article-title":"A composting study of membrane-like polyvinyl alcohol based resins and nanocomposites","volume":"21","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Barui, A. (2018). Polymeric Gels, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.12.068","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of PVA\/nanocellulose\/Ag nanocomposite films for antimicrobial food packaging","volume":"184","author":"Sarwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.057","article-title":"Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of polyvinyl alcohol bio composite films containing seaweed extracted cellulose nano-crystal and basil leaves extract","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1428","article-title":"PVA-Gelatin films incorporated with tomato pulp: A potential primary food packaging film","volume":"6","author":"Kannat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.12.043","article-title":"Anti-microbial surfaces: An approach for deposition of ZnO nanoparticles on PVA-Gelatin composite film by screen printing technique","volume":"73","author":"Meshram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtcomm.2021.102219","article-title":"Prolonged release of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride from chitosan\/gelatin\/poly (vinyl alcohol) composite films","volume":"27","author":"Lian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Today Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37535","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b14238","article-title":"Hydrogen-Bond Assembly of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Polyhexamethylene Guanidine for Nonleaching and Transparent Antimicrobial Films","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.020","article-title":"Antibacterial and wound healing properties of chitosan\/poly(vinyl alcohol)\/zinc oxide beads (CS\/PVA\/ZnO)","volume":"103","author":"Gutha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s13201-020-1162-y","article-title":"Fabrication of PVA polymer films with improved antibacterial activity by fine-tuning via organic acids for food packaging applications","volume":"10","author":"Suganthi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Water Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rinp.2016.05.012","article-title":"Preparation and antibacterial activities of Ag\/Ag+\/Ag3+ nanoparticle composites made by pomegranate (Punica granatum) rind extract","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Results Phys."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00396-011-2533-6","article-title":"Polymer-nanoparticle composites composed of PEDOT: PSS and nanoparticles of Ag synthesised by laser ablation","volume":"290","author":"Semaltianos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Colloid Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1151-2916.1999.tb02036.x","article-title":"Use of ozone to prepare silver oxides","volume":"82","author":"Suzuki","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"2421","article-title":"Gram scale synthesis of pure ceramic nanoparticles by laser ablation in liquid","volume":"114","author":"Sajti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, J.S., Zaman, Q., da Costa, K.Q., Dmitriev, V., Pandoli, O., Fontes, G., and Del Rosso, T. (2019). Limits of the Effective Medium Theory in Particle Amplified Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy Biosensors. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030584"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"287","article-title":"Analysis of Silver Nanoparticles Produced by Chemical Reduction of Silver Salt Solution","volume":"12","author":"Juraitis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tziolas, N., Ordoudi, S.A., Tavlaridis, A., Karyotis, K., Zalidis, G., and Mourtzinos, I. (2021). Rapid Assessment of Anthocyanins Content of Onion Waste through Visible-Near-Short-Wave and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Machine Learning Techniques. Sustainability, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/su13126588"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scient.2012.01.010","article-title":"Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Spirulina platen-sis","volume":"19","author":"Mahdieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Iran."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2024, March 12). Available online: http:\/\/www.philiplaven.com\/mieplot.htm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.128125","article-title":"Polyvinyl Alcohol\/Silver nanoparticles film prepared via pulsed laser ablation: An eco-friendly nano-catalyst for 4-nitrophenol degradation","volume":"1212","author":"Mostafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8105","DOI":"10.1039\/C8TB02556H","article-title":"Super-strong and tough poly(vinyl alcohol)\/poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels reinforced by hydrogen bonding","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"172","article-title":"Morphology, Thermal Stability, Electrical, and Mechanical Properties of Graphene Incorporated Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Gelatin Nanocomposites","volume":"6","author":"Islam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-021-04671-x","article-title":"Nitrogen plasma effect on the structural, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties of PVA\/starch\/graphene oxide nanocomposite","volume":"127","author":"Atta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3844\/ajassp.2012.946.954","article-title":"A General Formula for Ion Concentration-Dependent Electrical Conductivities in Polymer Electrolytes","volume":"9","author":"Aji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29412-3","article-title":"Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles for reducing the damage to sperm parameters in diabetic compared to metformin","volume":"13","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.08.036","article-title":"Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles by Citrus limon (lemon) aqueous extract and theoretical prediction of particle size","volume":"82","author":"Prathna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"(2024, March 27). XRD Crystallite (Grain) Size Calculator (Scherrer Equation)\u2014InstaNANO. Available online: https:\/\/instanano.com\/all\/characterization\/xrd\/crystallite-size\/."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.09.680","article-title":"From waste to a value added product: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from onion peels together with its diverse applications","volume":"46","author":"Santhosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.22146\/mot.45532","article-title":"Effect of Red Onion (Allium cepa var ascalonicum) Skin Ethanolic Extract on the Motility and the Adhesion Index of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Macrophage Phagocytosis Index","volume":"24","author":"Nugraheni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maj. Obat Tradis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S733","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_256_19","article-title":"Gel Potential of Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Ethanol Extract as Antifungal Cause Tinea Pedis","volume":"12","author":"Genatrika","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.36103\/ijas.v54i4.1794","article-title":"Phenolic compounds content, antioxdidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of red onions skin","volume":"54","author":"Albandary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iraq J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3311","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S165125","article-title":"Potential antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and the optimization of orthopedic implants by advanced modification technologies","volume":"13","author":"Qing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakal, T.C., Kumar, A., Majumdar, R.S., and Yadav, V. (2016). Mechanistic basis of antimicrobial actions of silver nanoparticles. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01831"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-013-4894-5","article-title":"Size-dependent antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles against oral anaerobic pathogenic bacteria","volume":"24","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4044047","article-title":"Toxicity mechanisms in Escherichia coli vary for silver nanoparticles and differ from ionic silver","volume":"8","author":"Ivask","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"2767","article-title":"Antimicrobial applications of nanotechnology: Methods and literature","volume":"7","author":"Seil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2159-5","article-title":"Ben Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles on Escherichia coli","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.2016.07.004","article-title":"Silver nanoparticles as an antimicrobial agent: A case study on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as models for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"63","author":"Gomaa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2016.08.007","article-title":"Oxidative stress generation of silver nanoparticles in three bacterial genera and its relationship with the antimicrobial activity","volume":"36","author":"Quinteros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7328","DOI":"10.1039\/c3nr00024a","article-title":"Immobilized silver nanoparticles enhance contact killing and show highest efficacy: Elucidation of the mechanism of bactericidal action of silver","volume":"5","author":"Agnihotri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruna, T., Maldonado-Bravo, F., Jara, P., and Caro, N. (2021). Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137202"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, D., Ferreira, S., Ram\u00edrez-Rodr\u00edguez, G.B., Alves, N., Sousa, \u00c2., and Valente, J.F.A. (2024). Silver and Antimicrobial Polymer Nanocomplexes to Enhance Biocidal Effects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021256"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/5\/441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:54Z","timestamp":1760107314000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/5\/441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13050441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13050441","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}