{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T17:00:31Z","timestamp":1778605231856,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"African Centre for Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals in conjunction with the University of Zambia","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}]},{"name":"African Centre for Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals in conjunction with the University of Zambia","award":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"]}]},{"name":"African Centre for Infectious Diseases in Humans and Animals in conjunction with the University of Zambia","award":["FF RGR2 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project","award":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["FF RGR2 FF25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF RGR2 FF25"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP232wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP232wm0125008"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["JP233fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP233fa627005"]}]},{"name":"Japan Program for Infectious Diseases Research and Infrastructure","award":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["FF RGR2 FF25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF RGR2 FF25"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["JP232wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP232wm0125008"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["JP233fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP233fa627005"]}]},{"name":"Japan Initiative for World-leading Vaccine Research and Development Centers","award":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"]}]},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","award":["P151847"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P151847"]}]},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","award":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF 156_562 Zambia CG1"]}]},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","award":["FF RGR2 FF25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FF RGR2 FF25"]}]},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","award":["JP232wm0125008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP232wm0125008"]}]},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","award":["JP233fa627005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP233fa627005"]}]},{"name":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","award":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCP\/GLO\/710\/UK"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Escherichia coli from food animals is a rising problem, and heavy antimicrobial use in poultry is a contributing factor. In Zambia, studies linking poultry-associated AMR and antibiotic use (AMU) are rare. This study aimed to investigate commercial and medium-\/small-scale poultry farmers\u2019 usage of antimicrobials based on a questionnaire survey in ten districts of Zambia. In addition, the study characterized extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates obtained from poultry in the same districts. Data regarding knowledge and usage of antimicrobials were collected from commercial and medium-\/small-scale poultry farmers using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. At the same time, cloacal samples were collected and analyzed. One hundred and fifty E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using eight antibiotic classes. The isolates were further screened for ESBL production by streaking them on cefotaxime (CTX)-supplemented MacConkey agar, then subjecting them to sequencing on a NextSeq. The questionnaire survey showed that more medium-\/small-scale than commercial poultry farmers used antimicrobials (OR = 7.70, 95% CI = 2.88\u201320.61) but less prescriptions (OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00\u20130.08). Susceptibility testing revealed that resistance was highest to ampicillin (128\/148, 86.5%) and tetracycline (101\/136, 74.3%) and that the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) (28\/30, 93.3%) was high. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of eight (8\/30, 26.7%) isolates with CTX Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) \u2265 4 \u00b5g\/mL revealed the presence of ESBL-encoding genes blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-55, and blaTEM. WGS also detected other AMR genes for quinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracycline, macrolides, and folate-pathway antagonists. Altogether, the questionnaire survey results showed a higher proportion of AMU and lower prescription usage among medium-\/small-scale farmers. In addition, our results emphasize the circulation of ESBL-producing E. coli strains with associated MDR. It is critical to educate farmers about AMR risks and to encourage responsible usage of antimicrobials. Furthermore, there is a need to strengthen regulations limiting access to antimicrobials. Finally, there is a need to establish a one health system to guide public health response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13050467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T08:20:31Z","timestamp":1716193231000},"page":"467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Antimicrobial Use Survey and Detection of ESBL-Escherichia coli in Commercial and Medium-\/Small-Scale Poultry Farms in Selected Districts of Zambia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Taona","family":"Sinyawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Misheck","family":"Shawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Centre for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey M.","family":"Muuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 15100, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fusya","family":"Goma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 15100, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fandamu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 15100, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph Yamweka","family":"Chizimu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia National Public Health Institute, Stand 1186, Coner of Chaholi and Addis Ababa Roads, Rhodes Park, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1382-6827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cynthia Sipho","family":"Khumalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malala","family":"Mulavu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masuzyo","family":"Ngoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Herman Moses","family":"Chambaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Chilanga, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-7611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harvey Kakoma","family":"Kamboyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-0439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kajihara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Centre for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Sawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hokudai Centre for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"},{"name":"Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, N21 W11, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1313-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Higashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infection and Immunity, International 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of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799654","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1799654","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in Enteric Bacteria: Current State and next-Generation Solutions","volume":"12","author":"Wallace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). 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