{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:49:23Z","timestamp":1793746163798,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria monocytogenes, along with various other pathogenic bacteria, may show resistance against a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Evaluating the extent of resistance in harmful microorganisms like Listeria monocytogenes holds significant importance in crafting novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate or combat the rise of infections stemming from antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The present work aims to investigate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among Listeria monocytogenes strains in meat products (n = 173), seafood (n = 54), dairy products (n = 19), sauces (n = 2), confectionary products (n = 1), ready-to-eat rice dishes (n = 1), and food-processing environments (n = 19). A total of 269 Listeria monocytogenes strains belonging to eight different serovars were tested against 10 antimicrobials. In the classes of antibiotics, most of the strains were resistant antibiotics belonging to the family of \u03b2-lactams (92.94%). High proportions of L. monocytogenes isolates were resistant to oxacillin (88.48%), followed by fosfomycin (85.87%) and flumenique (78.44%). The lowest level of resistance was observed against gentamycin (1.49%). A total of 235 strains (n = 87.36%) showed a profile of multidrug resistance. In conclusion, a high occurrence of resistant and multidrug-resistant strains of Listeria monocytogenes was observed among the examined serotypes isolated from different food sources. This understanding enables the adoption of suitable measures to avert contamination and the spread of resistant bacteria via food.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13060525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T12:19:46Z","timestamp":1717417186000},"page":"525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Strains Isolated in Food and Food-Processing Environments in Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rippa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bilei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Regions Lazio and Toscana \u201cMariano Aleandri\u201d, Via Appia Nuova 001411, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9148-3671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Peruzy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Marrocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Regions Lazio and Toscana \u201cMariano Aleandri\u201d, Via Appia Nuova 001411, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Leggeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Regions Lazio and Toscana \u201cMariano Aleandri\u201d, Via Appia Nuova 001411, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1663-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Boss\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Microbiology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Regions Lazio and Toscana \u201cMariano Aleandri\u201d, Via Appia Nuova 001411, 00178 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Murru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples \u201cFederico II\u201d, Via Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luque-Sastre, L., Arroyo, C., Fox, E.M., McMahon, B.J., Bai, L., Li, F., and Fanning, S. (2018). Antimicrobial Resistance in Listeria Species. Microbiol. Spectr., 6.","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.ARBA-0031-2017"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13509","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes at the Human\u2013Wildlife Interface: Black Bears (Ursus americanus) as Potential Vehicles for Listeria","volume":"13","author":"Parsons","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.126","article-title":"Listeria Monocytogenes: Towards a Complete Picture of Its Physiology and Pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Radoshevich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2015.1063023","article-title":"Listeriosis in Animals, Its Public Health Significance (Food-Borne Zoonosis) and Advances in Diagnosis and Control: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"35","author":"Dhama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pirone-Davies, C., Chen, Y., Pightling, A., Ryan, G., Wang, Y., Yao, K., Hoffmann, M., and Allard, M.W. (2018). Genes Significantly Associated with Lineage II Food Isolates of Listeria monocytogenes. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5074-2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00396-18","article-title":"Listeria monocytogenes Source Distribution Analysis Indicates Regional Heterogeneity and Ecological Niche Preference among Serotype 4b Clones","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elsayed, M.E., Abd El-Hamid, M.I., El-Gedawy, A., Bendary, M.M., ELTarabili, R.M., Alhomrani, M., Alamri, A.S., Alghamdi, S.A., Arnout, M., and Binjawhar, D.N. (2022). New Insights into Listeria monocytogenes Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Attributes and Their Prospective Correlation. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101447"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.12.016","article-title":"A Review of Listeria monocytogenes: An Update on Outbreaks, Virulence, Dose-Response, Ecology, and Risk Assessments","volume":"75","author":"Buchanan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goulet, V., King, L.A., Vaillant, V., and de Valk, H. (2013). What Is the Incubation Period for Listeriosis?. BMC Infect. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-11"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00060-19","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060-19","article-title":"Human Listeriosis","volume":"36","author":"Koopmans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA and ECDC (European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2023). The European Union One Health 2022 Zoonoses Report. EFSA J., 21, e8442.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8442"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"210","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of the commonest form of listeriosis: Meningitis and bacteraemia","volume":"3","author":"Pagliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14454","article-title":"Ecogenetics of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"113","author":"Baquero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aslam, B., Khurshid, M., Arshad, M.I., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M., Yasmeen, N., Shah, T., Chaudhry, T.H., Rasool, M.H., and Shahid, A. (2021). Antibiotic Resistance: One Health One World Outlook. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771510"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duma, M.N., Ciupescu, L.M., Dan, S.D., Crisan-Reget, O.L., and Tabaran, A. (2024). Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Food Products in Romania. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12050954"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peruzy, M.F., Capuano, F., Proroga, Y.T.R., Cristiano, D., Carullo, M.R., and Murru, N. (2020). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Salmonella serovars Isolated from Food Samples: Five-Year Monitoring (2015\u20132019). Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9070365"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, L., Bao, H., Yang, Z., He, T., Tian, Y., Zhou, Y., Pang, M., Wang, R., and Zhang, H. (2021). Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Multilocus Sequence Typing, and Virulence of Listeria Isolated from a Slaughterhouse in Jiangsu, China. BMC Microbiol., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-021-02335-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics2020012","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Italy over the Past Five Years: A Systematic Review","volume":"2","author":"Montalti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.2219-2229","article-title":"A Global Perspective of Antibiotic-Resistant Listeria monocytogenes Prevalence in Assorted Ready to Eat Foods: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Mpundu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6383","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2009.000-9486","article-title":"Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Listeria monocytognes from Various Foods in Gaborone, Botswana","volume":"8","author":"Morobe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2009.02.011","article-title":"Comparison of Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica Strains Pre-Exposed and Exposed to Poultry Decontaminants","volume":"20","author":"Capita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737435","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.737435","article-title":"Occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant Listeria monocytogenes in Environmental Waters: A Menace of Environmental and Public Health Concern","volume":"9","author":"Kayode","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manyi-Loh, C.E., Okoh, A.I., and Lues, R. (2023). Occurrence and Multidrug Resistance in Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Recovered from the Anaerobic Co-Digestion Sludge Contained in a Single Stage Steel Biodigester: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030725"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12387","article-title":"Emergence of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Food Products: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"17","author":"Olaimat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.04.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Dairy-Based Food Products","volume":"407","author":"Harakeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-017-0038-x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Serotyping of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Seafood and Food Processing Environments in Korea","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4188","article-title":"Characterization of Antibiotic Resistance in Listeria Spp. Isolated from Slaughterhouse Environments, Pork and Human Infections","volume":"8","author":"Moreno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Luo, X., Aspridou, Z., Misiou, O., Dong, P., and Zhang, Y. (2023). The Prevalence and Antibiotic-Resistant of Listeria monocytogenes in Livestock and Poultry Meat in China and the EU from 2001 to 2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12040769"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rostamian, M., Kooti, S., Mohammadi, B., Salimi, Y., and Akya, A. (2022). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Human and Non-Human Sources: The Antibiotic Susceptibility Aspect. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 102.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115634"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2723","article-title":"Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Multilocus Sequence Typing of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated over 11 Years from Food, Humans, and the Environment in Italy","volume":"17","author":"Caruso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamburro, M., Sammarco, M.L., Fanelli, I., and Ripabelli, G. (2019). Characterization of Listeria Monocytogenes Serovar 1\/2a, 1\/2b, 1\/2c and 4b by High Resolution Melting Analysis for Epidemiological Investigations. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 310.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108289"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2004.03.007","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Listeria Species in Meat Products in Ankara, Turkey","volume":"22","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2014.982191","article-title":"Occurrence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Raw and Processed Meat Products in Amman, Jordan","volume":"13","author":"Osaili","year":"2015","journal-title":"CYTA\u2014J. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2010.03.014","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria Species Isolated from Milk and Dairy Products in Iran","volume":"21","author":"Rahimi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12208","article-title":"Prevalence, Antimicrobial Resistance and Serotype Distribution of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Raw Milk and Dairy Products","volume":"36","author":"Kevenk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"356","article-title":"Prevalence of Antibiotic Resistant Listeria monocytogenes in Sea Foods of Tuticorin Coast, Southeastern India","volume":"8","author":"Patterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.12.022","article-title":"Prevalence, Genetic Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Fresh and Smoked Fish in Poland","volume":"64","author":"Wieczorek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.03.004","article-title":"Evaluation of Virulence Genes in Yersinia enterocolitica Strains Using SYBR Green Real-Time PCR","volume":"65","author":"Peruzy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2020.107665","article-title":"Diversity and Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria Spp. and L. monocytogenes Clones from Produce Handling and Processing Facilities in the Pacific Northwest","volume":"123","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, A., Gray, J., Scott Chandry, P., and Fox, E.M. (2018). Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Australian Food Production Chains. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020080"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2015.11.033","article-title":"Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Vegetables","volume":"47","author":"Hofer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"5","article-title":"Caratterizzazione Di Ceppi Listeria monocytogenes Isolati Da Formaggi a Pasta Molle e Semi-Molle Prelevati Nella Regione Abruzzo","volume":"47","author":"Acciari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"CLSI (2014). CLSI Document M100-S24\u2014Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Twenty-Fourth Informational Supplement."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00683-6","article-title":"Characterization of Salmonella typhimurium and Its Monophasic Variant 1,4,[5],12:I:- Isolated from Different Sources","volume":"64","author":"Proroga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0614-3","article-title":"The Effect of Varying Multidrug-Resistence (MDR) Definitions on Rates of MDR Gram-Negative Rods","volume":"8","author":"Wolfensberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control."}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/6\/525\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:53:11Z","timestamp":1760107991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/6\/525"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13060525"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13060525","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}}}