{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T18:42:41Z","timestamp":1792694561367,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global public health threat. This review presents the most recent in-depth review of the situation of the main AMR types in relation to the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region. Underlying genes of resistance have been analyzed where possible. A search to capture published research data on AMR from articles published between 2016 and 2020 was done using PubMed and Google Scholar, with rigorous inclusion\/exclusion criteria. Out of 48003 articles, only 167 were included. Among the tested gram-negative bacteria species, Klebsiella spp. remain the most tested, and generally the most resistant. The highest overall phenotypic resistance for imipenem was reported in E. coli, whereas for meropenem, E. coli and Haemophilus spp. showed an equal resistance proportion at 2.5%. For gram-positive bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae displayed high resistance percentages to trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole (64.3%), oxacillin (32.2%), penicillin (23.2%), and tetracycline (28.3%), whereas Staphylococcus aureus contributed to 22.8% and 10% resistance to penicillin and oxacillin, respectively. This review shows that AMR remains a major public health threat. The present findings will help public health decision-makers in developing efficient preventive strategies and adequate policies for antibiotic stewardship and surveillance in line with the global action plan for AMR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T16:35:58Z","timestamp":1721234158000},"page":"659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance in the WHO African Region: A Systematic Literature Review 2016\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1625-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laetitia","family":"Gahimbare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Cit\u00e9 du Djou\u00e9, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claude Mambo","family":"Muvunyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Consultants, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"},{"name":"Rwanda Biomedical Center, Kigali P.O. Box 7162, Rwanda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie Aya Kouadio","family":"Guessennd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMR Consultants, Kigali P.O. Box 3286, Rwanda"},{"name":"UFR des Sciences M\u00e9dicales, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphouet Boigny-Institut Pasteur de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Abidjan P.O. Box, 1563, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Pierre","family":"Rutanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHU de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval, L\u2019 H\u00f4tel-Dieu de Qu\u00e9bec, Laboratoire de Microbiologie, Qu\u00e9bec City, QC G1R 2J6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Gashema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Repolicy Research Centre, Kigali P.O. Box 7584, Rwanda"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3135-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Cit\u00e9 du Djou\u00e9, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambele Judith","family":"Mwamelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Cit\u00e9 du Djou\u00e9, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheick Oumar","family":"Coulibaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Cit\u00e9 du Djou\u00e9, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fausta Shakiwa","family":"Mosha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Cit\u00e9 du Djou\u00e9, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Perovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre for AMR, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), a Division of National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassiba","family":"Tali-Maamar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pasteur d\u2019Algerie, Algiers P.O. Box 16000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8919-1314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Ahmed","family":"Yahaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Cit\u00e9 du Djou\u00e9, Brazzaville P.O. Box 06, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262040-00001","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance: Their clinical relevance in the new millennium","volume":"62","author":"Sefton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tufa, T.B., Regassa, F., Amenu, K., Stegeman, J.A., and Hogeveen, H. (2023). Livestock producers\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and behavior (KAB) regarding antimicrobial use in Ethiopia. Front. Vet. 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