{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:21:17Z","timestamp":1789154477663,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spondylodiscitis is a severe spinal infection that requires an effective antibiotic treatment. Therefore, we sought to analyse the causative pathogens from intraoperative specimen in patients with spondylodiscitis and a need for surgery. To this end, we performed a retrospective study of all patients with spondylodiscitis and a need for operative treatment admitted to our hospital between January 2020 and December 2022. A total of 114 cases with spondylodiscitis were identified. A total of 120 different pathogens were detected. Overall, 76.7% of those microorganisms were Gram-positive bacteria. The most common causative pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (n = 32; 26.6%), followed by coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 28; 23.4%), of which Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 18; 15%) was the most frequently detected, as well as enterococci (n = 10; 8.4%) and Streptococcus spp. (n = 11; 9.2%). Moreover, 19.1% (n = 22) and 3.4% (n = 4) of all detected isolates were Gram-negative pathogens or fungi, respectively. Overall, 42.8% of all coagulase-negative staphylococci were oxacillin-resistant, while none of them were vancomycin-resistant. In summary, 50% of the pathogens could be identified as staphylococci. The results of our study highlight the important burden of oxacillin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria as an aetiological cause of spondylodiscitis, providing a relevant finding for antimicrobial stewardship programmes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T09:14:53Z","timestamp":1721380493000},"page":"671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microbiological Profiles of Patients with Spondylodiscitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6458-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank Sebastian","family":"Fr\u00f6schen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pia Maria","family":"Kitkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7777-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas Christian","family":"Strau\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0784-6442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernst","family":"Molitor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunnar Thorben Rembert","family":"Hischebeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"875","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis: Diagnosis and Treatment Options","volume":"114","author":"Herren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii11","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq303","article-title":"Spondylodiscitis: Update on Diagnosis and Management","volume":"65","author":"Gouliouris","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.11.002","article-title":"Suggestions for Managing Pyogenic (Non-Tuberculous) Discitis in Adults","volume":"74","author":"Grados","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73S","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221121300","article-title":"And Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma Spondylodiscitis in Geriatric Patients: What Are the Issues?","volume":"13","author":"Herren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-13-00102","article-title":"Bacterial Spine Infections in Adults: Evaluation and Management","volume":"24","author":"Cornett","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.04.008","article-title":"Changing Trends in the Epidemiology of Vertebral Osteomyelitis in Marseille, France","volume":"7","author":"Doutchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/03009742.2016.1158314","article-title":"Diagnostic Delay of Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomyelitis and Its Associated Factors","volume":"46","author":"Jean","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"181","article-title":"Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Spondylodiscitis","volume":"105","author":"Sobottke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dtsch. \u00c4rztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00f6schen, F.S., Randau, T.M., Franz, A., Molitor, E., and Hischebeth, G.T.R. (2022). Microbiological Profiles of Patients with Periprosthetic Joint Infection of the Hip or Knee. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12071654"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-011-1384-6","article-title":"Pyogenic Spondylitis","volume":"36","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199103000-00019","article-title":"Analysis of 61 Cases of Vertebral Osteomyelitis","volume":"264","author":"Patzakis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-012-1920-0","article-title":"Systemische und lokale Antibiotikatherapie bei konservativ und operativ behandelten Spondylodiszitiden","volume":"41","author":"Fleege","year":"2012","journal-title":"Der Orthop\u00e4de"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0295","article-title":"Pyogenic Vertebral Column Osteomyelitis in Adults: Analysis of Risk Factors for 30-Day and 1-Year Mortality in a Single Center Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Vettivel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200007010-00010","article-title":"Hematogenous Pyogenic Spinal Infections and Their Surgical Management","volume":"25","author":"Hadjipavlou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/003655498750003537","article-title":"Solberg Vertebral Osteomyelitis at a Norwegian University Hospital 1987-97: Clinical Features, Laboratory Findings and Outcome","volume":"30","author":"Chelsom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-009-9340-8","article-title":"A Seven-Year Prospective Study on Spondylodiscitis: Epidemiological and Microbiological Features","volume":"38","author":"Scorzolini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.5.509","article-title":"Bacteremic Staphylococcus Aureus Spondylitis","volume":"158","author":"Jensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.11.011","article-title":"Increasing Incidence of Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis: A 14-Year Population-Based Study","volume":"68","author":"Kehrer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000203451.36522.4c","article-title":"Fungal Infections of the Spine","volume":"444","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000302","DOI":"10.4172\/2165-7939.1000302","article-title":"Fungal Spondylodiscitis: Review","volume":"5","author":"Caldera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Spine"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/7\/671\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:19:29Z","timestamp":1760109569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/7\/671"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13070671"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13070671","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]]}}}