{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T05:11:46Z","timestamp":1783573906266,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile","award":["ANID-FOVI#220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FOVI#220211"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile","award":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile","award":["VRID_INTER23\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_INTER23\/02"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile","award":["VRID_DocI22\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_DocI22\/06"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile","award":["#BIP40018207-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#BIP40018207-0"]}]},{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo de Chile","award":["#11230295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11230295"]}]},{"name":"Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n","award":["ANID-FOVI#220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FOVI#220211"]}]},{"name":"Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n","award":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"]}]},{"name":"Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n","award":["VRID_INTER23\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_INTER23\/02"]}]},{"name":"Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n","award":["VRID_DocI22\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_DocI22\/06"]}]},{"name":"Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n","award":["#BIP40018207-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#BIP40018207-0"]}]},{"name":"Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n","award":["#11230295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11230295"]}]},{"name":"Fondos de Innovaci\u00f3n para la Competitividad","award":["ANID-FOVI#220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FOVI#220211"]}]},{"name":"Fondos de Innovaci\u00f3n para la Competitividad","award":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"]}]},{"name":"Fondos de Innovaci\u00f3n para la Competitividad","award":["VRID_INTER23\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_INTER23\/02"]}]},{"name":"Fondos de Innovaci\u00f3n para la Competitividad","award":["VRID_DocI22\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_DocI22\/06"]}]},{"name":"Fondos de Innovaci\u00f3n para la Competitividad","award":["#BIP40018207-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#BIP40018207-0"]}]},{"name":"Fondos de Innovaci\u00f3n para la Competitividad","award":["#11230295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11230295"]}]},{"name":"Fondecyt Iniciaci\u00f3n","award":["ANID-FOVI#220211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID-FOVI#220211"]}]},{"name":"Fondecyt Iniciaci\u00f3n","award":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_FAPPE21-07"]}]},{"name":"Fondecyt Iniciaci\u00f3n","award":["VRID_INTER23\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_INTER23\/02"]}]},{"name":"Fondecyt Iniciaci\u00f3n","award":["VRID_DocI22\/06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VRID_DocI22\/06"]}]},{"name":"Fondecyt Iniciaci\u00f3n","award":["#BIP40018207-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#BIP40018207-0"]}]},{"name":"Fondecyt Iniciaci\u00f3n","award":["#11230295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#11230295"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance has been stated to be a global health problem. In Chile, the use of antibiotics should be declared by medical prescription, but it is unknown what happens to the drugs once the treatment ends. Among the possibilities for their disposal are the trash or the drain; regardless of which scenario arises, antibiotics could accumulate in the environment, stimulating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and their transfer between microorganisms. Unfortunately, sometimes wastewater ends up in bodies of water, due to the dragging of elements by rain, or by the presence of illegal water discharges. In this work, shotgun metagenomics was used to elucidate the functional and microbial composition of biohazard elements in the bay of Puerto Varas City, Chile. As expected, a high diversity of microorganisms was found, including bacterial elements described as human or animal pathogens. Also, a diverse repertory of antimicrobial resistant genes (ARGs) was detected, which confers mainly resistance to macrolides, beta-lactams, and tetracyclines, consistent with the families of antibiotics most used in Chile. Similar ARGs were identified in DNA mobile elements. In addition, we tested the antimicrobial susceptibility in 14 bacterial strains isolated from Llanquihue Lake. This is the first report of the presence of genomic elements that could constitute a health problem, considering the importance of the interconnection between environmental, animal, and human health, a concept known as One Health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T07:57:23Z","timestamp":1721721443000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antimicrobial Resistance Elements in Coastal Water of Llanquihue Lake, Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Campanini-Salinas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Institucional, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Opitz-R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Institucional, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Sagredo-Mella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Institucional, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danilo","family":"Contreras-Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6267-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Gim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Gen\u00f3mica Microbiana, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de R\u00edo Negro, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Negro, Villa Regina 8336, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9888-0752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Clara","family":"Tarifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de R\u00edo Negro, Universidad Nacional de R\u00edo Negro, Villa Regina 8336, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de R\u00edo Negro, (CIT R\u00edo Negro, UNRN-CONICET), Villa Regina 8336, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1421-5606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataly D.","family":"Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Institucional, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8183-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio Institucional, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"},{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Puerto Montt 5501842, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: A Global Multifaceted Phenomenon","volume":"109","author":"Prestinaci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathog. 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