{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:25:57Z","timestamp":1792189557249,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":227,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondi di Ricerca di Ateneo","award":["FAR-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR-2017"]}]},{"name":"UPO","award":["FAR-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR-2017"]}]},{"name":"Next Generation EU\u2014MUR (Italy)","award":["FAR-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR-2017"]}]},{"name":"Roelmi HPC srl","award":["FAR-2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR-2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antibiotics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin microbiota, with its millions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plays a key role in balancing the health of the skin and scalp. Its continuous exposure to potentially harmful stressors can lead to abnormalities such as local dysbiosis, altered barrier function, pathobiont overabundance, and infections often sustained by multidrug-resistant bacteria. These factors contribute to skin impairment, deregulation of immune response, and chronic inflammation, with local and systemic consequences. In this scenario, according to the needs of the bio-circular-green economy model, novel harmless strategies, both for regulating the diverse epidermal infectious and inflammatory processes and for preserving or restoring the host skin eubiosis and barrier selectivity, are requested. Vitis vinifera L. leaves and their derived extracts are rich in plant secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties that can be further exploited through microbe-driven fermentation processes. On this premise, this literature review aims to provide an informative summary of the most updated evidence on their interactions with skin commensals and pathogens and on their ability to manage inflammatory conditions and restore microbial biodiversity. The emerging research showcases the potential novel beneficial ingredients for addressing various skincare concerns and advancing the cosmeceutics field as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13080697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T06:17:44Z","timestamp":1721974664000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Extract, a Microbiota Green Ally against Infectious and Inflammatory Skin and Scalp Diseases: An In-Depth Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1243-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Armari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4537-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Zavattaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4432-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar Francisco","family":"Trejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roelmi HPC Srl, Via Celeste Milani 24\/26, 21040 Origgio, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4562-5540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Galeazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1697-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Grossetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6438-5171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Veronese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1636-8411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Savoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Azzimonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Center for Translational Research on Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases (CAAD), Department of Health Sciences (DiSS), School of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Corso Trieste 15\/A, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.08.007","article-title":"Structure and function of the epidermis related to barrier properties","volume":"30","author":"Baroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr236","article-title":"The exposome: From concept to utility","volume":"41","author":"Wild","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15240","article-title":"Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease","volume":"77","author":"Cerci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00538-7","article-title":"Does the epithelial barrier hypothesis explain the increase in allergy, autoimmunity and other chronic conditions?","volume":"21","author":"Akdis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2509-x","article-title":"Mechanisms and consequences of intestinal dysbiosis","volume":"74","author":"Weiss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hrncir, T. (2022). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Triggers, Consequences, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030578"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-018-0528-4","article-title":"Human Microbiome: Composition and Role in Inflammatory Skin Diseases","volume":"67","author":"Balato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133877","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2022.2133877","article-title":"Effect of altered human exposome on the skin and mucosal epithelial barrier integrity","volume":"11","author":"Pat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chopra, D., Arens, R.A., Amornpairoj, W., Lowes, M.A., Tomic-Canic, M., Strbo, N., Lev-Tov, H., and Pastar, I. (2022). Innate immunity and microbial dysbiosis in hidradenitis suppurativa\u2014Vicious cycle of chronic inflammation. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.960488"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Tommaso, N., Gasbarrini, A., and Ponziani, F.R. (2021). Intestinal Barrier in Human Health and Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312836"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-020-02333-5","article-title":"Malassezia and Staphylococcus dominate scalp microbiome for seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szab\u00f3, K., Bolla, B.S., Erdei, L., Balogh, F., and Kem\u00e9ny, L. (2023). Are the Cutaneous Microbiota a Guardian of the Skin\u2019s Physical Barrier? The Intricate Relationship between Skin Microbes and Barrier Integrity. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242115962"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-018-0001-z","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"4","author":"Weidinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S328439","article-title":"The Skin Microbiome and Its Role in Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Celoria","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psoriasis"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18761","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18761","article-title":"Microbial community profiling shows dysbiosis in the lesional skin of Vitiligo subjects","volume":"6","author":"Ganju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14398","article-title":"Yin and Yang: A disrupted skin microbiome and an aberrant host immune response in hidradenitis suppurativa","volume":"30","author":"Schell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinto, D., Sorbellini, E., Marzani, B., Rucco, M., Giuliani, G., and Rinaldi, F. (2019). Scalp bacterial shift in Alopecia areata. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215206"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.102391","article-title":"Disordered cutaneous microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savoia, P., Azzimonti, B., Rolla, R., and Zavattaro, E. (2023). Role of the Microbiota in Skin Neoplasms: New Therapeutic Horizons. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102386"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-020-00466-9","article-title":"Gut-Brain-Skin Axis in Psoriasis: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.178903","article-title":"Topical corticosteroids in dermatology","volume":"82","author":"Mehta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"135","article-title":"Evaluation of corticophobia in patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis using the TOPICOP\u00a9 score","volume":"32","author":"Benko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Alp. Pannonica Adriat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2023.101846","article-title":"The epithelial barrier: The gateway to allergic, autoimmune, and metabolic diseases and chronic neuropsychiatric conditions","volume":"70","author":"Yazici","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.04.008","article-title":"Homeostatic Immunity and the Microbiota","volume":"46","author":"Belkaid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeshi, K., Crayn, D., Ritmejeryt\u0117, E., and Wangchuk, P. (2022). Plant Secondary Metabolites Produced in Response to Abiotic Stresses Has Potential Application in Pharmaceutical Product Development. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27010313"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangiovanni, E., and Dell\u2019Agli, M. (2021). Special Issue: Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Plant Polyphenols 2.0. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010037"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100670","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100670","article-title":"Recent Advances in Research on Polyphenols: Effects on Microbiota, Metabolism, and Health","volume":"66","author":"Rajha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merecz-Sadowska, A., Sitarek, P., Zajdel, K., Kucharska, E., Kowalczyk, T., and Zajdel, R. (2021). The Modulatory Influence of Plant-Derived Compounds on Human Keratinocyte Function. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212488"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moldovan, M.L., Carpa, R., Fize\u0219an, I., Vlase, L., Bogdan, C., Iurian, S.M., Benedec, D., and Pop, A. (2020). Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities of Tendrils and Leaves Extracts from a Variety of Vitis vinifera L.. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050373"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, J., Rasane, P., Kaur, R., Kaur, H., Garg, R., Kaur, S., Ercisli, S., Choudhary, R., Skrovankova, S., and Mlcek, J. (2023). Valorization of grape (Vitis vinifera) leaves for bioactive compounds: Novel green extraction technologies and food-pharma applications. Front. Chem., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1290619"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romani, A., Campo, M., Urciuoli, S., Marrone, G., Noce, A., and Bernini, R. (2020). An Industrial and Sustainable Platform for the Production of Bioactive Micronized Powders and Extracts Enriched in Polyphenols From Olea europaea L. and Vitis vinifera L. Wastes. Front. Nutr., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00120"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baroi, A.M., Popitiu, M., Fierascu, I., S\u0103rd\u0103rescu, I.-D., and Fierascu, R.C. (2022). Grapevine Wastes: A Rich Source of Antioxidants and Other Biologically Active Compounds. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020393"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharafan, M., Malinowska, M.A., Ekiert, H., Kwa\u015bniak, B., Sikora, E., and Szopa, A. (2023). Vitis vinifera (Vine Grape) as a Valuable Cosmetic Raw Material. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051372"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangiovanni, E., Di Lorenzo, C., Piazza, S., Manzoni, Y., Brunelli, C., Fumagalli, M., Magnavacca, A., Martinelli, G., Colombo, F., and Casiraghi, A. (2019). Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Extract Inhibits In Vitro Mediators of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Involved in Inflammatory-Based Skin Diseases. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8050134"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marabini, L., Melzi, G., Lolli, F., Dell\u2019Agli, M., Piazza, S., Sangiovanni, E., and Marinovich, M. (2020). Effects of Vitis vinifera L. leaves extract on UV radiation damage in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 204.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2020.111810"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdan, C., Pop, A., Iurian, S.M., Benedec, D., and Moldovan, M.L. (2020). Research Advances in the Use of Bioactive Compounds from Vitis vinifera By-Products in Oral Care. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060502"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piazza, S., Fumagalli, M., Khalilpour, S., Martinelli, G., Magnavacca, A., Dell\u2019Agli, M., and Sangiovanni, E. (2020). A Review of the Potential Benefits of Plants Producing Berries in Skin Disorders. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9060542"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17111","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206851109","article-title":"Solar UV radiation reduces the barrier function of human skin","volume":"109","author":"Biniek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16614","article-title":"Clinical and biological impact of the exposome on the skin","volume":"34","author":"Passeron","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. JEADV"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S239367","article-title":"The Skin Interactome: A Holistic \u201cGenome-Microbiome-Exposome\u201d Approach to Understand and Modulate Skin Health and Aging","volume":"13","author":"Khmaladze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.016","article-title":"External exposome and allergic respiratory and skin diseases","volume":"141","author":"Cecchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2019.104664","article-title":"Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity","volume":"62","author":"Prieux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, C., Falc\u00e3o, M.A.P., Rosa, J.G.S., Disner, G.R., and Lopes-Ferreira, M. (2022). Pesticides and Their Impairing Effects on Epithelial Barrier Integrity, Dysbiosis, Disruption of the AhR Signaling Pathway and Development of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232012402"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-023-00770-y","article-title":"Climate Change, Skin Health, and Dermatologic Disease: A Guide for the Dermatologist","volume":"24","author":"Belzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2021.05.010","article-title":"Vitamin deficiencies\/hypervitaminosis and the skin","volume":"39","author":"Altunkalem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-023-00520-1","article-title":"Modulatory role of vitamins A, B3, C, D, and E on skin health, immunity, microbiome, and diseases","volume":"75","author":"Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep. PR"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanda, N., Hoashi, T., and Saeki, H. (2019). The Roles of Sex Hormones in the Course of Atopic Dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194660"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratton, R., Del Vecchio, C., Zupin, L., and Crovella, S. (2022). Unraveling the Role of Sex Hormones on Keratinocyte Functions in Human Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063132"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2011.08.014","article-title":"Psychological stress and epidermal barrier function","volume":"30","author":"Orion","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528113666140522104422","article-title":"Brain-Skin Connection: Stress, Inflammation and Skin Aging","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24653-z","article-title":"Psychological Stress Deteriorates Skin Barrier Function by Activating 11\u03b2-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase 1 and the HPA Axis","volume":"8","author":"Choe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.12.005","article-title":"Role of stress in skin diseases: A neuroendocrine-immune interaction view","volume":"116","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12874","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12874","article-title":"Melatonin improves skin barrier damage caused by sleep restriction through gut microbiota","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1343172","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2017.1343172","article-title":"The impact of aging on epithelial barriers","volume":"5","author":"Parrish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agrawal, R., Hu, A., and Bollag, W.B. (2023). The Skin and Inflamm-Aging. Biology, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology12111396"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.-J., and Kim, M. (2022). Skin Barrier Function and the Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113071"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26366-w","article-title":"The human microbial exposome: Expanding the Exposome-Explorer database with gut microbial metabolites","volume":"13","author":"Neveu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011040","article-title":"Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases","volume":"365","author":"Irvine","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.04.010","article-title":"Etiology of epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with type 2 inflammatory diseases","volume":"139","author":"Schleimer","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.0000000000000005","article-title":"The epithelial barrier theory: Development and exacerbation of allergic and other chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"13","author":"Kucuksezer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14305","article-title":"Epigenetic and metabolic regulation of epidermal homeostasis","volume":"30","author":"Wagner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/jidsymp.2008.5","article-title":"Skin differences, needs, and disorders across global populations","volume":"13","author":"Kimball","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13285","article-title":"Sex differences in the incidence of skin and skin-related diseases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States, and a comparison with other rates published worldwide","volume":"55","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijwd.2018.03.002","article-title":"Male versus female skin: What dermatologists and cosmeticians should know","volume":"4","author":"Rahrovan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1","DOI":"10.1177\/12034754231177582","article-title":"The Role of Sex and Gender in Dermatology\u2014From Pathogenesis to Clinical Implications","volume":"27","author":"Prosty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.110627","article-title":"Fresh grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves: Postharvest biology and handling recommendations","volume":"292","author":"Cantwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinci, G., Prencipe, S.A., Abbafati, A., and Filippi, M. (2022). Environmental Impact Assessment of an Organic Wine Production in Central Italy: Case Study from Lazio. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su142215483"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.09.007","article-title":"Grapevine waste in sustainable hybrid particleboard production","volume":"118","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137315","article-title":"Integrated biorefinery approach to valorize winery waste: A review from waste to energy perspectives","volume":"719","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52611","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA08396B","article-title":"Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of an organic grapevine leaf (Vitis labrusca L.) extract in diabetic rats","volume":"4","author":"Lacerda","year":"2014","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.03.016","article-title":"How prebiotics have been produced from agro-industrial waste: An overview of the enzymatic technologies applied and the models used to validate their health claims","volume":"135","author":"Roupar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiocchio, I., Mandrone, M., Tomasi, P., Marincich, L., and Poli, F. (2021). Plant Secondary Metabolites: An Opportunity for Circular Economy. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020495"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2006.01.008","article-title":"Expression analysis of defence-related genes in grapevine leaves after inoculation with a host and a non-host pathogen","volume":"44","author":"Kortekamp","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem. PPB"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.08.002","article-title":"Wine and grape polyphenols\u2014A chemical perspective","volume":"54","author":"Garrido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerriero, G., Berni, R., Mu\u00f1oz-Sanchez, J.A., Apone, F., Abdel-Salam, E.M., Qahtan, A.A., Alatar, A.A., Cantini, C., Cai, G., and Hausman, J.-F. (2018). Production of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Examples, Tips and Suggestions for Biotechnologists. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9060309"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48S","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581814545247","article-title":"Safety assessment of Vitis vinifera (grape)-derived ingredients as used in cosmetics","volume":"33","author":"Fiume","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6168","article-title":"Protective effects of Vitis vinifera (grapes) and one of its biologically active constituents, resveratrol, against natural and chemical toxicities: A comprehensive review","volume":"32","author":"Tabeshpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2010.526274","article-title":"Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antimicrobial Activity of Leaf Extracts from Six Vitis vinifera L. Varieties","volume":"16","author":"Mozina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Prop."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-015-0496-3","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds and Bioactivity of Healthy and Infected Grapevine Leaf Extracts from Red Varieties Merlot and Vranac (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"70","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"253","article-title":"In Situ Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Applied to Vineyards as a Tool for Precision Viticulture","volume":"Volume 80","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"e14890","article-title":"Effect of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties and harvest periods on bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, phenolic composition, mineral contents, and fatty acid compositions of Vitis leave and oils","volume":"44","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goufo, P., Singh, R.K., and Cortez, I. (2020). A Reference List of Phenolic Compounds (Including Stilbenes) in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Roots, Woods, Canes, Stems, and Leaves. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050398"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10951","article-title":"Effects of leaf removal on the accumulation of anthocyanins and the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes","volume":"101","author":"Yue","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2015.07.013","article-title":"Profiling of primary metabolites and flavonols in leaves of two table grape varieties collected from semiarid and temperate regions","volume":"117","author":"Harb","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-01-17-0104-RE","article-title":"Drought Stress Enhances Up-Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3-Infected in vitro Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Leaves","volume":"101","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2017.12.009","article-title":"NMR-based phytochemical analysis of Vitis vinifera cv Falanghina leaves. Characterization of a previously undescribed biflavonoid with antiproliferative activity","volume":"125","author":"Tartaglione","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2016.12.020","article-title":"Differential phenolic production in leaves of Vitis vinifera cv. Alvarinho affected with esca disease","volume":"112","author":"Lima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem. PPB"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3551","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00596-w","article-title":"Phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Vitis vinifera L. leaf extracts obtained by conventional solvent and microwave-assisted extractions","volume":"14","author":"Valls","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12756","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12756","article-title":"A comparative study of phenols composition, antioxidant, and antifungal potency of leaves extract from five Moroccan Vitis vinifera L. varieties","volume":"40","author":"Jediyi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2017.05.002","article-title":"Phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity and minerals in leaves of different grapevine varieties grown in Serbia","volume":"62","author":"Zagorac","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Compos. Anal."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.12.083","article-title":"Determination of phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity in skin, pulp, seed, cane and leaf of five native grape cultivars in West Azerbaijan province, Iran","volume":"199","author":"Farhadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.10.033","article-title":"Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities of grapevine leaf extract (Vitis vinifera) in mice and identification of its active constituents by LC\u2013MS\/MS analyses","volume":"84","author":"Aouey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0238.2011.00163.x","article-title":"Profiling and accurate quantification of trans-resveratrol, trans-piceid, trans-pterostilbene and 11 viniferins induced by Plasmopara viticola in partially resistant grapevine leaves","volume":"18","author":"Vrhovsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. J. Grape Wine Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0160ukovi\u0107, D., Kne\u017eevi\u0107, B., Ga\u0161i\u0107, U., Sredojevi\u0107, M., \u0106iri\u0107, I., Todi\u0107, S., Muti\u0107, J., and Te\u0161i\u0107, \u017d. (2020). Phenolic Profiles of Leaves, Grapes and Wine of Grapevine Variety Vranac (Vitis vinifera L.) from Montenegro. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9020138"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5364","DOI":"10.1021\/jf200771y","article-title":"Profiling of Resveratrol Oligomers, Important Stress Metabolites, Accumulating in the Leaves of Hybrid Vitis vinifera (Merzling \u00d7 Teroldego) Genotypes Infected with Plasmopara viticola","volume":"59","author":"Mattivi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00e4tsep, R., Karp, K., Maante-Kuljus, M., Aluvee, A., and Bhat, R. (2020). Polyphenols and Resveratrol from Discarded Leaf Biomass of Grapevine (Vitis sp.): Effect of Cultivar and Viticultural Practices in Estonia. Agriculture, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture10090393"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-018-0385-2","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted extraction of resveratrol from grape leaves and its purification on mesoporous carbon","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-021-00928-1","article-title":"Origin of Wine Lignans","volume":"76","author":"Sochor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Galanakis, C.M. (2018). 5\u2014Target sources of polyphenols in different food products and their processing by-products. Polyphenols: Properties, Recovery, and Applications, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-023-09890-z","article-title":"Bioactivity and application of anthocyanins in skin protection and cosmetics: An extension as a functional pigment","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700137","article-title":"Flavan-3-ols: Nature, occurrence and biological activity","volume":"52","author":"Aron","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gervasi, T., Calderaro, A., Barreca, D., Tellone, E., Trombetta, D., Ficarra, S., Smeriglio, A., Mandalari, G., and Gattuso, G. (2022). Biotechnological Applications and Health-Promoting Properties of Flavonols: An Updated View. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031710"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-4514.2005.00031.x","article-title":"Biological Functionality of Ellagic Acid: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Vattem","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113128","article-title":"Stilbenes: Source plants, chemistry, biosynthesis, pharmacology, application and problems related to their clinical Application-A comprehensive review","volume":"197","author":"Teka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2174\/1570180812666150901222106","article-title":"Sunscreening and Photosensitizing Properties of Coumarins and their Derivatives","volume":"13","author":"Kasperkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lett. Drug Des. Discov."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105424","article-title":"An insight into the therapeutic applications of coumarin compounds and their mechanisms of action","volume":"152","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osmakov, D.I., Kalinovskii, A.P., Belozerova, O.A., Andreev, Y.A., and Kozlov, S.A. (2022). Lignans as Pharmacological Agents in Disorders Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Chemical Synthesis Approaches and Biological Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116031"},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"(2024, March 25). World Health Organization WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy: 2014\u20132023. Available online: http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220912054716\/https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/92455."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, H., Ma, Q., Ye, L., and Piao, G. (2016). The Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine from Natural Products. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21050559"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155041","article-title":"Phytochemicals: Targeting autophagy to treat psoriasis","volume":"120","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2012.07.031","article-title":"Vitis vinifera leaves towards bioactivity","volume":"43","author":"Fernandes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics2020048","article-title":"Main Benefits and Applicability of Plant Extracts in Skin Care Products","volume":"2","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cosmetics"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Chemat, F. (2019). Polyphenols as Natural Antioxidants: Sources, Extraction and Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Drugs. Plant Based \u201cGreen Chemistry 2.0\u201d, Springer. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3810-6"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro, M.L., Ferreira, J.P., Pintado, M., Ramos, O.L., Borges, S., and Baptista-Silva, S. (2023). Grape By-Products in Sustainable Cosmetics: Nanoencapsulation and Market Trends. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13169168"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Almeida, C.V., Antiga, E., and Lulli, M. (2023). Oral and Topical Probiotics and Postbiotics in Skincare and Dermatological Therapy: A Concise Review. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061420"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3822","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO02328J","article-title":"Vitis vinifera \u2018Pinot noir\u2019 leaves as a source of bioactive nutraceutical compounds","volume":"10","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856243","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/856243","article-title":"In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Effect on Biofilm Production of a White Grape Juice (Vitis vinifera) Extract","volume":"2015","author":"Filocamo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1550758","article-title":"In vitro solar protection factor, antioxidant activity, and stability of a topical formulation containing Benitaka grape (Vitis vinifera L.) peel extract","volume":"34","author":"Cefali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo0693","article-title":"Microbiota and maintenance of skin barrier function","volume":"376","author":"Grice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lef\u00e8vre-Utile, A., Braun, C., Haftek, M., and Aubin, F. (2021). Five Functional Aspects of the Epidermal Barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111676"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.09.005","article-title":"Functions of the skin microbiota in health and disease","volume":"25","author":"Sanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00551-x","article-title":"Skin Microbiome and its Interplay with the Environment","volume":"21","author":"Callewaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00549-5","article-title":"Skin Microbiome as Years Go By","volume":"21","author":"Luna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azzimonti, B., Ballacchino, C., Zanetta, P., Cucci, M.A., Monge, C., Grattarola, M., Dianzani, C., Barrera, G., and Pizzimenti, S. (2023). Microbiota, Oxidative Stress, and Skin Cancer: An Unexpected Triangle. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030546"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88072-3","article-title":"Effect of commonly used cosmetic preservatives on skin resident microflora dynamics","volume":"11","author":"Pinto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanetta, P., Ballacchino, C., Squarzanti, D.F., Amoruso, A., Pane, M., and Azzimonti, B. (2023). Lactobacillus johnsonii LJO02 (DSM 33828) Cell-Free Supernatant and Vitamin D Improve Wound Healing and Reduce Interleukin-6 Production in Staphylococcus aureus-Infected Human Keratinocytes. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010018"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08437.x","article-title":"Skin microbiota: A source of disease or defence?","volume":"158","author":"Cogen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200809020-00002","article-title":"Probiotics for the treatment or prevention of atopic dermatitis: A review of the evidence from randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Betsi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-003-0148-9","article-title":"Mycobacteria and other environmental organisms as immunomodulators for immunoregulatory disorders","volume":"25","author":"Rook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Springer Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-6-3","article-title":"WAO Special Committee on Climate Change and Biodiversity The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: World allergy organization position statement","volume":"6","author":"Haahtela","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuge, M., Ikeda, M., Matsumoto, N., Yorifuji, T., and Tsukahara, H. (2021). Current Insights into Atopic March. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8111067"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14940","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the role of the skin microbiome in the treatment of atopic dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14006","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis-Looking beyond Malassezia","volume":"28","author":"Wikramanayake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.12.017","article-title":"Unmet needs for patients with seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"90","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Zhuo, F., Han, B., Li, W., Jiang, B., Zhang, K., Jian, X., Chen, Z., Li, H., and Huang, H. (2023). The updates and implications of cutaneous microbiota in acne. Cell Biosci., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01072-w"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19540","article-title":"Acne microbiome: From phyla to phylotypes","volume":"38","author":"Dreno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015awierczewska, Z., Lewandowski, M., Surowiecka, A., and Bara\u0144ska-Rybak, W. (2022). Microbiome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa-What We Know and Where We Are Heading. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911280"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosi, E., Guerra, P., Silvi, G., Nunziati, G., Scandagli, I., Di Cesare, A., and Prignano, F. (2023). Consistency of Bacterial Triggers in the Pathogenesis of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Vaccines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010179"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rendon, A., and Sch\u00e4kel, K. (2019). Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061475"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benhadou, F., Mintoff, D., Schnebert, B., and Thio, H.B. (2018). Psoriasis and Microbiota: A Systematic Review. Diseases, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases6020047"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-019-01930-z","article-title":"Implications of grape extract and its nanoformulated bioactive agent resveratrol against skin disorders","volume":"311","author":"Soleymani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2416837","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2416837","article-title":"Role of Resveratrol in Regulating Cutaneous Functions","volume":"2020","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Chen, W.-D., and Wang, Y.-D. (2020). The Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Diseases: The Role of Macrophages. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01065"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marko, M., and Pawliczak, R. (2023). Resveratrol and Its Derivatives in Inflammatory Skin Disorders-Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis: A Review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12111954"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Use of Isoquercetin in the Treatment of Prurigo Nodularis","volume":"16","author":"Pennesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"441","article-title":"A dietary supplement to reduce side effects of oral isotretinoin therapy in acne patients","volume":"149","author":"Fabbrocini","year":"2014","journal-title":"G Ital. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, C.K., Mintie, C.A., Ndiaye, M.A., Chhabra, G., Roy, S., Sullivan, R., Longley, B.J., Schieke, S.M., and Ahmad, N. (2022). Protective effects of dietary grape against atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC\/NgaTndCrlj mice. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1051472"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01214-z","article-title":"Pterostilbene reduces the progression of atopic dermatitis via modulating inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in mice","volume":"31","author":"Bangash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, K., Lyles, J.T., Li, T., Saitta, A., Addie-Noye, E., Tyler, P., and Quave, C.L. (2016). Anti-Acne Activity of Italian Medicinal Plants Used for Skin Infection. Front. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00425"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107557","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Quercetin on Propionibacterium acnes-induced Skin Inflammation","volume":"96","author":"Lim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witte, K., Wolk, K., Witte-H\u00e4ndel, E., Krause, T., Kokolakis, G., and Sabat, R. (2023). Targeting Metabolic Syndrome in Hidradenitis Suppurativa by Phytochemicals as a Potential Complementary Therapeutic Strategy. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15173797"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5739","article-title":"Anti-Dermatophyte and Anti-Malassezia Activity of Extracts Rich in Polymeric Flavan-3-ols Obtained from Vitis vinifera Seeds","volume":"31","author":"Simonetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S376700","article-title":"Herbal Therapy for the Treatment of Seborrhea Dermatitis","volume":"15","author":"Mustarichie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00532.x","article-title":"Procyanidin oligomers selectively and intensively promote proliferation of mouse hair epithelial cells in vitro and activate hair follicle growth in vivo","volume":"112","author":"Takahashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1159\/000520038","article-title":"Keratin 17 as a Marker of UVB-Induced Stress in Human Epidermis and Modulation by Vitis vinifera Extract","volume":"211","author":"Lombardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05645-7","article-title":"Transcriptional and epigenetic effects of Vitis vinifera L. leaf extract on UV-stressed human dermal fibroblasts","volume":"47","author":"Letsiou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"85","article-title":"Pterostilbene and Its Glucoside Induce Type XVII Collagen Expression","volume":"12","author":"Hamada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6446","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.78016","article-title":"Targeting the stem cell niche: Role of collagen XVII in skin aging and wound repair","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makarewicz, M., Dro\u017cd\u017c, I., Tarko, T., and Duda-Chodak, A. (2021). The Interactions between Polyphenols and Microorganisms, Especially Gut Microbiota. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020188"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milutinovi\u0107, M., Dimitrijevi\u0107-Brankovi\u0107, S., and Rajili\u0107-Stojanovi\u0107, M. (2021). Plant Extracts Rich in Polyphenols as Potent Modulators in the Growth of Probiotic and Pathogenic Intestinal Microorganisms. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.688843"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Daza, M.C., Pulido-Mateos, E.C., Lupien-Meilleur, J., Guyonnet, D., Desjardins, Y., and Roy, D. (2021). Polyphenol-Mediated Gut Microbiota Modulation: Toward Prebiotics and Further. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.689456"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1039\/C8FO01997E","article-title":"The effects of polyphenols and other bioactives on human health","volume":"10","author":"Fraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa, T.A.F., Rogero, M.M., Hassimotto, N.M.A., and Lajolo, F.M. (2019). The Two-Way Polyphenols-Microbiota Interactions and Their Effects on Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00188"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westfall, S., and Pasinetti, G.M. (2019). The Gut Microbiota Links Dietary Polyphenols with Management of Psychiatric Mood Disorders. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01196"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakkalakal, M., Nadora, D., Gahoonia, N., Dumont, A., Burney, W., Pan, A., Chambers, C.J., and Sivamani, R.K. (2022). Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Oral Pomegranate Extract on Skin Wrinkles, Biophysical Features, and the Gut-Skin Axis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226724"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11020622","article-title":"Biological activities of polyphenols from grapes","volume":"11","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.02.103","article-title":"Effect of extraction solvent, waste fraction and grape variety on the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts from wine residue from cool climate","volume":"134","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krasteva, D., Ivanov, Y., Chengolova, Z., and Godjevargova, T. (2023). Antimicrobial Potential, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Content of Grape Seed Extracts from Four Grape Varieties. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11020395"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pozzo, L., Grande, T., Raffaelli, A., Longo, V., Weidner, S., Amarowicz, R., and Karama\u0107, M. (2023). Characterization of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity and Phenolic Compound Profile of Extracts from Seeds of Different Vitis Species. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28134924"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2011.08.007","article-title":"Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents","volume":"23","author":"Daglia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patangia, D.V., Anthony Ryan, C., Dempsey, E., Paul Ross, R., and Stanton, C. (2022). Impact of antibiotics on the human microbiome and consequences for host health. MicrobiologyOpen, 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1260"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Bander, Z., Nitert, M.D., Mousa, A., and Naderpoor, N. (2020). The Gut Microbiota and Inflammation: An Overview. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17207618"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shabbir, U., Tyagi, A., Elahi, F., Aloo, S.O., and Oh, D.-H. (2021). The Potential Role of Polyphenols in Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091370"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Deng, Y., Cao, X., Xiao, L., Ding, Q., Luo, F., Huang, P., Gao, Y., Liu, M., and Zhao, H. (2022). Effects of Natural Polyphenols on Skin and Hair Health: A Review. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227832"},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"341","article-title":"Biological Screening of Vitis vinifera L. Leaf Fractions","volume":"33","author":"Orhan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"1303","article-title":"In-vitro antimicrobial activities of different extracts of grapevine leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) from West Anatolia against some pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"6","author":"Keskin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2020.02.013","article-title":"Recovery of bioactive compounds from white grape (Vitis vinifera L.) stems as potential antimicrobial agents for human health","volume":"27","author":"Leal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radulescu, C., Buruleanu, L.C., Nicolescu, C.M., Olteanu, R.L., Bumbac, M., Holban, G.C., and Simal-Gandara, J. (2020). Phytochemical Profiles, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Seeds and Skin from Organic and Conventional Vineyards. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9111470"},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/13880200701213047","article-title":"Antimicrobial Screening of Some Turkish Medicinal Plants","volume":"45","author":"Oskay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2009.07.019","article-title":"Polyphenolic profile, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity of grape skin extracts of 14 Vitis vinifera varieties grown in Dalmatia (Croatia)","volume":"119","author":"Skroza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-016-0238-9","article-title":"Nutritional constituents, phytochemical profiles, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of various solvent extracts from grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.)","volume":"25","author":"Felhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0278-9","article-title":"Species-specific activity of antibacterial drug combinations","volume":"559","author":"Brochado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00638-0","article-title":"Physical properties of the bacterial outer membrane","volume":"20","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11615-w","article-title":"Protein determinants of dissemination and host specificity of metallo-\u03b2-lactamases","volume":"10","author":"Ayala","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18968","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75929-2","article-title":"Antibiofilm activity of flavonoids on staphylococcal biofilms through targeting BAP amyloids","volume":"10","author":"Gil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2212.12010","article-title":"Disruption of Established Bacterial and Fungal Biofilms by a Blend of Enzymes and Botanical Extracts","volume":"33","author":"Jensen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-017-0549-0","article-title":"Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and baicalein: Plant-derived anti-biofilm agents","volume":"63","author":"Sigler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akinwumi, B.C., Bordun, K.-A.M., and Anderson, H.D. (2018). Biological Activities of Stilbenoids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030792"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55975-1","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of resveratrol-derived monomers and dimers against foodborne pathogens","volume":"9","author":"Mattio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1630","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.108.126003","article-title":"A stress-inducible resveratrol O-methyltransferase involved in the biosynthesis of pterostilbene in grapevine","volume":"148","author":"Schmidlin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66031-8","article-title":"Pterostilbene complexed with cyclodextrin exerts antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects","volume":"10","author":"Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"409","article-title":"Eradication of Propionibacterium acnes biofilms by plant extracts and putative identification of icariin, resveratrol and salidroside as active compounds","volume":"19","author":"Coenye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytomedicine Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2022.102580","article-title":"Cutibacterium acnes biofilm forming clinical isolates modify the formation and structure of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, increasing their susceptibility to antibiotics","volume":"76","author":"Abbott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00536-w","article-title":"Skin Microbiota and its Interplay with Wound Healing","volume":"21","author":"Burgess","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vestby, L.K., Gr\u00f8nseth, T., Simm, R., and Nesse, L.L. (2020). Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.-C., Tseng, C.-H., Wang, P.-W., Lu, P.-L., Weng, Y.-H., Yen, F.-L., and Fang, J.-Y. (2017). Pterostilbene, a Methoxylated Resveratrol Derivative, Efficiently Eradicates Planktonic, Biofilm, and Intracellular MRSA by Topical Application. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01103"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Va\u0148kov\u00e1, E., Paldrychov\u00e1, M., Ka\u0161parov\u00e1, P., Loko\u010dov\u00e1, K., Kode\u0161, Z., Ma\u0165\u00e1tkov\u00e1, O., Kolouchov\u00e1, I., and Mas\u00e1k, J. (2020). Natural antioxidant pterostilbene as an effective antibiofilm agent, particularly for gram-positive cocci. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 36.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-020-02876-5"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zannella, C., Giugliano, R., Chianese, A., Buonocore, C., Vitale, G.A., Sanna, G., Sarno, F., Manzin, A., Nebbioso, A., and Termolino, P. (2021). Antiviral Activity of Vitis vinifera Leaf Extract against SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13071263"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-28-96","article-title":"Resveratrol exhibits a strong cytotoxic activity in cultured cells and has an antiviral action against polyomavirus: Potential clinical use","volume":"28","author":"Berardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. CR"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.1021\/jf501266s","article-title":"Antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties of wines and winery byproducts in relation to their flavonoid content","volume":"62","author":"Friedman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.-S., Chen, H.-J., Huang, J.-P., Lee, P.-C., Tsai, C.-R., Hsu, T.-F., and Huang, W.-Y. (2017). Kinetics of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity Using Vitis vinifera Leaf Extracts. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5232680"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e419","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17989","article-title":"\u201cCOVID nose\u201d\u2014A unique post-COVID pigmentary sequelae reminiscing Chik sign: A descriptive case series","volume":"36","author":"Sil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. JEADV"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4786","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00093-14","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus Community in Healthy Persons, Defined by Metagenomics Analysis of Human Microbiome Project Shotgun Sequencing Data Sets","volume":"88","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4789","article-title":"Resveratrol inhibits the progression of cervical cancer by suppressing the transcription and expression of HPV E6 and E7 genes","volume":"47","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1021\/np5002576","article-title":"Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species","volume":"77","author":"Papon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonetti, G., Palocci, C., Valletta, A., Kolesova, O., Chronopoulou, L., Donati, L., Di Nitto, A., Brasili, E., Tomai, P., and Gentili, A. (2019). Anti-Candida Biofilm Activity of Pterostilbene or Crude Extract from Non-Fermented Grape Pomace Entrapped in Biopolymeric Nanoparticles. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112070"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simonetti, G., Brasili, E., and Pasqua, G. (2020). Antifungal Activity of Phenolic and Polyphenolic Compounds from Different Matrices of Vitis vinifera L. against Human Pathogens. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25163748"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl124","article-title":"Tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits ergosterol synthesis by disturbing folic acid metabolism in Candida albicans","volume":"57","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, C., Silva, A.C., Marques, A.C., Sousa Lobo, J., and Amaral, M.H. (2020). Biotechnology Applied to Cosmetics and Aesthetic Medicines. Cosmetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics7020033"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s43393-022-00078-8","article-title":"White biotechnology and the production of bio-products","volume":"2","author":"Kordi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Syst. Microbiol. Biomanuf."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorakkattu, P., Khanashyam, A.C., Shah, K., Babu, K.S., Mundanat, A.S., Deliephan, A., Deokar, G.S., Santivarangkna, C., and Nirmal, N.P. (2022). Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11193094"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Rivero, C., and L\u00f3pez-G\u00f3mez, J.P. (2023). Unlocking the Potential of Fermentation in Cosmetics: A Review. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9050463"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5879","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12116-5","article-title":"Current postbiotics in the cosmetic market\u2014An update and development opportunities","volume":"106","author":"Duarte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, A.L.S., Seara, M., Carvalho, M.J., de Carvalho, N.M., Costa, E.M., Silva, S., Duarte, M., Pintado, M., Oliveira, C., and Madureira, A.R. (2023). Production of Sustainable Postbiotics from Sugarcane Straw for Potential Food Applications. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app13063391"},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciardiello, T., Pinto, D., Marotta, L., Giuliani, G., and Rinaldi, F. (2020). Effects of Fermented Oils on Alpha-Biodiversity and Relative Abundance of Cheek Resident Skin Microbiota. Cosmetics, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics7020034"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900952","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900952","article-title":"Where to Look into the Puzzle of Polyphenols and Health? The Postbiotics and Gut Microbiota Associated with Human Metabotypes","volume":"64","author":"Selma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01426-w","article-title":"Postbiotics-parabiotics: The new horizons in microbial biotherapy and functional foods","volume":"19","author":"Nataraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.022","article-title":"Soluble proteins produced by probiotic bacteria regulate intestinal epithelial cell survival and growth","volume":"132","author":"Yan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30742","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.492397","article-title":"A Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-derived soluble protein, p40, stimulates ligand release from intestinal epithelial cells to transactivate epidermal growth factor receptor","volume":"288","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4326","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1874286","article-title":"Honest nutraceuticals, cosmetics, therapies, and foods (NCTFs): Standardization and safety of natural products","volume":"62","author":"Sadgrove","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.11.022","article-title":"Safety of botanical ingredients in personal care products\/cosmetics","volume":"49","author":"Antignac","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25148","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17567-3","article-title":"Biocosmetics: Technological advances and future outlook","volume":"30","author":"Goyal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herman, A., and Herman, A.P. (2023). Biological Activity of Fermented Plant Extracts for Potential Dermal Applications. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122775"}],"container-title":["Antibiotics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/8\/697\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:23:44Z","timestamp":1760109824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6382\/13\/8\/697"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"references-count":227,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["antibiotics13080697"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics13080697","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6382"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6382","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]}}}