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Drug repurposing has recently been explored as a strategy to discover new therapeutic uses for established drugs to combat these infections. Utilizing high-throughput screening, bioinformatics, and systems biology, several existing drugs have been identified with potential efficacy against intracellular bacteria. For instance, neuroleptic agents like thioridazine and antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine have shown effectiveness against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Furthermore, anticancer drugs including tamoxifen and imatinib have been repurposed to induce autophagy and inhibit bacterial growth within host cells. Statins and anti-inflammatory drugs have also demonstrated the ability to enhance host immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The review highlights the complex mechanisms these pathogens use to resist conventional treatments, showcases successful examples of drug repurposing, and discusses the methodologies used to identify and validate these drugs. Overall, drug repurposing offers a promising approach for developing new treatments for bacterial infections, addressing the urgent need for effective antimicrobial therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13090834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T09:56:42Z","timestamp":1725357402000},"page":"834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Innovative Strategies in Drug Repurposing to Tackle Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-7520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca","family":"Lorente-Torres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3238-5565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Llano-Verdeja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4314-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Casta\u00f1era","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1582-2779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena \u00c1.","family":"Ferrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9642-9850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzaneh","family":"Javadimarand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7763-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, Gen\u00f3mica y Prote\u00f3mica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Letek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4926-3891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Mourenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular, \u00c1rea de Microbiolog\u00eda, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, 24071 Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356540","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1356540","article-title":"Intracellular Pathogens: Host Immunity and Microbial Persistence Strategies","volume":"2019","author":"Thakur","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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